The Application of a Novel Char Source From Petroleum Refining Waste in Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Polyurethane

Abstract

Carbon 9 (C9) resin is a major by-product of the petrochemical industry and is rich in unsaturated hydrocarbons. By copolymerization with maleic anhydride (MAH), the product MAH-C9 was used as a carbon foaming agent. Combining MAH-C9 with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), which served as an acid and a gas source, an intumescent flame-retardant system was introduced into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Flammability evaluation indicated that 4.5 wt% APP and 0.5 wt% MAH-C9 helped TPU achieve the maximal limiting oxygen index value of 25.9%, passing UL-94 V-0 rating. Total smoke release was decreased from 1,884.4 m 2 /m 2 for neat TPU to 833.0 m 2 /m 2 and char formation was promoted. The mechanical loss brought by 5 wt% APP was a little recovered by 4.5 wt% APP/0.5 wt% MAH

Experimental Study on Bubble Dynamics and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Coaxial Bubbles in Petroleum-Based Liquids

“…The petroleum resin is an essential petroleum-based polymer produced by the polymerization of C9 aromatic fraction, which has the advantages of acid and alkali corrosion resistance, excellent water resistance, light aging resistance, miscibility, adhesion, and low production cost. , It is widely used in many industrial fields such as waterproofing agents, high-end inks, adhesives, and rubber additives. , In industry, petroleum resin is dissolved in the organic solvent cyclohexane and is prepared as a petroleum-based liquid . As a result, the various applications and preparations of petroleum resin involve numerous operations related to gas–liquid two-phase flow, e.g., the vapor stripping and distillation processes of polymerization to prepare petroleum resin, the foaming process of petroleum resin used to produce flame retardants, and the hydrogenation modification process of petroleum resin. , In these operations, the gas is shown as bubbles in the liquid with complex behaviors and the bubbles often appear as bubble swarms in the gas–liquid contactors. The bubbly flows act as a vital role in the mixing and mass transfer between gas and liquid.…”

Improving the Reaction-to-Fire Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane by New Phosphazene–Triazinyl-Based Covalent Organic Framework

“…Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is one of the most versatile commercial class polymers . Owing to its desirable properties such as chemical stability, excellent mechanical performance, easy processability, and abrasion resistance, it has a promising outlook for developing medical instruments, sports equipment, electrical appliances, protective covers, automobile industry, textile, national defense, cables, etc. − Nevertheless, like many other organic polymers, the high flammability characteristic has become a bottleneck for its wider use, owing to the production of large amounts of toxic smoke and gases. − …”

Synergistic function of N‐P‐Cu containing supermolecular assembly networks in intumescent flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane

“…Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), owing to its highly efficient fire retardance and environmental friendliness, is one of the most extensively utilized phosphorous‐containing additives which can involve an intumescent flame‐retarding system. For instance, combining 0.5 wt% maleic anhydride‐carbon 9 with 4.5 wt% APP rendered the TPU maximum limiting oxygen index (LOI) value (25.9 vol%) and UL‐94 V‐0 classification 10 . The addition of 14.0 wt% APP and 1.0 wt% zinc hydroxystannate resulted in 88%, 50%, and 48.2% reductions in the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and smoke density of TPU, respectively 11 .…”