The application of gene marker-assisted selection and proteomics for the best meat quality criteria and body measurements in Qinchuan cattle breed

Abstract

In the past few decades, enhancement of animal productivity has been gaining increasing attention among decisions-makers, politicians, mangers, and breeders, because of the increasing of world population and shortage of natural resources. The selection of high productivity animals is the main goal, through the application of genetic improvement programs. The use of molecular genetics has conferred significant breeding advantages over conventional breeding techniques. In this regard, many economic characteristics are controlled by a small number of multiple gene loci, each of which is responsible for trait diversity and hence they are referred to as quantitative trait loci (QTL). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which have recently been discovered through DNA sequencing, are considered one of the most useful types of genetic marker. SNPs are found where different nucleotides occur at the same position in the DNA sequence. They are found in both coding and noncoding regions of the genome and are present at one SNP in every 1000 b. Strategies for the identification and application of markers are based on reference to examples of loci that can control various traits. Furthermore, markers for growth, body measurements, and meat quality traits are preferred, because they can be used to predict the performance of animals, via blood samples, in the first few days of animal life. Marker-assisted selection using SNPs, such asSIRT1, SIRT2, LPL, CRTC2, SIX4, UCPs, and ZBTB38as selection criteria of body measurements and meat traits in beef cattle, will be beneficial in selection and breeding programs. The proteomic is a novel marker and a new approache of biotechnology which increases the understanding of the biological processes, besides being a remarkable biomarker that interrelated to growth and meat quality traits. Proteomics is a vigorous tool as usage for deduces molecular processes between quality traits and muscle proteins, which are helpful in analyzing the mechanisms of biochemistry that influence quality. So they could be potential biomarker for some meat quality traits. Among them, Actin, Myosin, Heat shock proteins are used a novel approaches in the field of biotechnology to understand the proteomics changes. This review article highlights the novel findings on the potential use of MAS and proteomics as biomarker for the selection for meat quality and carcass traits in Qinchuan cattle breed.

Advances of Molecular Markers and Their Application for Body Variables and Carcass Traits in Qinchuan Cattle

“…Recently, the thickness of backfat and intramuscular fat was greater in individuals that inherited genotype -1100GG, than in individuals with the AA or GA genotype-1100AA), while genotypes of other SNPs (c.−84 C > T) in the promoter region of SIRT6 had no significant association with deposition of lipids [39]. It seems that backfat thickness and intramuscular fat content are more represented in animals with a higher expression of the SIRT6 gene (especially, SNP c.−1100 A > G) [2]. The role of SIRT6 in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism is illustrated in Figure 3.…”

“…The ELOVL genes encode enzymes which are differentially represented in different tissues, and the individual enzymes have different preferences of fatty acid substrate [108,109]. Among them, ELOVL5 is involved in the synthesis of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), and oleic acid (C18:1) [70], which are the main fatty acids in beef [2,68]. ELOVL5 is an essential protein in for the synthesis of specific monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in mammalian cells and has a role in fatty acid elongation [70].…”

“…Over the past few decades, for cattle to have sustainable, efficient genetic gain and long-lasting progress in traits of economic importance, the cattle selection programs have increasingly utilized molecular genetic technologies because genetic improvement by traditional breeding systems slow due to the generational lag associated with progeny testing. Therefore, the characterization of quantitative trait loci permits biomarker-aided assortment of the economically important traits and provides faster genetic gain when candidate genes are correlated with the traits of economic importance [2]. Qinchuan cattle ( Bos taurus ) are an indigenous Chinese breed of cattle that is widely used in the production of beef due to its physiological and qualitative characteristics.…”

“…Therefore, improving the production and quality of beef is a priority. The use of DNA markers to improve the carcass and quality characteristics of cattle was identified as a useful and effective tool for genetic gain [2,4,5,6]. Quantitative traits of the body and carcass of cattle are defined by a number of genes [7,8,9].…”

Associations between gene polymorphisms and selected meat traits in cattle — A review

“…Meat quality traits are difficult to improve by traditional selection because most related features are assessed after passing several generations of animals. Different genomics techniques offer outstanding opportunities to enhance the genetic potential of food-producing animals and implement this potential in breeding programs through marker-assisted selection (MAS) [3].…”