The application of nanomaterials in controlled drug delivery for bone regeneration

Abstract

Bone regeneration is a complicated process that involves a series of biological events, such as cellular recruitment, proliferation and differentiation, and so forth, which have been found to be significantly affected by controlled drug delivery. Recently, a lot of research studies have been launched on the application of nanomaterials in controlled drug delivery for bone regeneration. In this article, the latest research progress in this area regarding the use of bioceramics-based, polymer-based, metallic oxide-based and other types of nanomaterials in controlled drug delivery for bone regeneration are reviewed and discussed, which indicates that the controlling drug delivery with nanomaterials should be a very promising treatment in orthopedics. Furthermore, some new challenges about the future research on the application of nanomaterials in controlled drug delivery for bone regeneration are described in the conclusion and perspectives part. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3978-3992, 2015.

Time‐dependent effect of electrical stimulation on osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stromal cells cultured on conductive nanofibers

“…Basically, biodegradable scaffolds made from polylactide (PLA) ‐ based biomaterials were proven good substrates for proliferation and differentiation of MSCs . With the incorporation of bioactive components like natural polymers, growth factors and bioceramic grains and so forth, composite scaffolds displayed enhanced abilities in inducing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs . External stimulation, for example, magnetic, electrical or electromagnetic stimulation, had also shown enhancing effects on bone healing .…”

Nanomaterials as potential and versatile platform for next generation tissue engineering applications

“…Due to the natural nanostructure of bone, many nanotechnology‐based materials have been designed to mimic bone functions with an aim to help bone formation and increased integration into the host tissue . The controlled and targeted delivery of bone regenerative factors can be accomplished via NMs carrier systems to facilitate local repair at the defect site . Active molecules such as drugs, growth factors, hormones, and peptides are quite unstable at certain temperatures, water insoluble in nature and degrade quickly.…”

Advances in Controlled Drug Delivery for Treatment of Osteoporosis

“…Particle outer and inner surfaces can be separately functionalized to optimize drug carrying capacity without sacrificing osteoconductive or biocompatible outer surfaces. Ceramic particles are capable of carrying a wide variety of agents for release, including not only directly bioactive agents such as hormones, but also other drug loaded microparticles that lack the stability or functionalization for proper targeting [84, 85]. Titania nanotubes have been demonstrated to protect and release proteins, such as BMP-2, as well as drug-loaded polymeric coatings and nanoparticles, such as vancomycin in poly(ethyleneimine)-human serum albumin, for burst and sustained release profiles, respectively [82].…”

“…Micellar systems are relatively simple to manufacture and can substantially improve the effective solubility of hydrophobic drugs in aqueous environments [84]. Simvastatin has been successfully delivered via injected calcium phosphate-conjugated simvastatin-deoxycholic acid micelles in mouse models, and successfully released from poly(ethylene glycol-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) micelles loaded in titania nanotube arrays in vitro [84, 85]. Beyond their high biocompatibility relative to other systems, biologically derived systems benefit from broad resource bases and relatively low cost to manufacture [81, 86].…”