The arousal model of moral condemnation

Cheng, Justin; Ottati, Victor; Price, Erika

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.06.006

Cited by 53 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The pervasive role of harm across morality is consistent with dyadic morality. Cheng et al, 2013;Kayyal, Pochedly, McCarthy, & Russell, 2015;Royzman, Atanasov, Landy, Parks, & Gepty, 2014;Schein, Ritter, & Gray, 2016). Instead, the appearance of specificity arises from the lack of appropriate control conditions and statistical procedures that obscure overlap (e.g., ANCOVA; Cameron, Lindquist, & Gray, 2015) One additional long-standing claim is that "disgust and discomfort drive moral condemnation which are later cloaked with harm based rationalization" (Haidt & Hersh, 2001, p. 212).…”

Section: Testing Strong Modularitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Theory of Dyadic Morality: Reinventing Moral Judgment by Redefining Harm

Schein

Gray

2017

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

462

497

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The nature of harm-and therefore moral judgment-may be misunderstood. Rather than an objective matter of reason, we argue that harm should be redefined as an intuitively perceived continuum. This redefinition provides a new understanding of moral content and mechanism-the constructionist Theory of Dyadic Morality (TDM). TDM suggests that acts are condemned proportional to three elements: norm violations, negative affect, and-importantly-perceived harm. This harm is dyadic, involving an intentional agent causing damage to a vulnerable patient (A→P). TDM predicts causal links both from harm to immorality (dyadic comparison) and from immorality to harm (dyadic completion). Together, these two processes make the "dyadic loop," explaining moral acquisition and polarization. TDM argues against intuitive harmless wrongs and modular "foundations," but embraces moral pluralism through varieties of values and the flexibility of perceived harm. Dyadic morality impacts understandings of moral character, moral emotion, and political/cultural differences, and provides research guidelines for moral psychology.

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Section: Testing Strong Modularitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Theory of Dyadic Morality: Reinventing Moral Judgment by Redefining Harm

Schein

Gray

2017

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

462

497

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Much research has focused specifically on the role of disgust, with some arguing that disgust causes harsher moral judgments (Eskine et al, 2011; Pizarro, Inbar, & Helion, 2011; Schnall et al, 2008; Wheatley & Haidt, 2005) and others arguing that disgust uniquely affects judgments in the Sanctity domain (Horberg, Oveis, Keltner, & Cohen, 2009; Horberg, Oveis, & Keltner, 2011). More recently, some have argued that arousal, rather than specific emotions, are the driving force behind moral judgments (Cheng, Ottati, & Price, 2013). Yet, as noted by Horberg et al (2009), the absence of a standardized set of scenarios that violate particular moral foundations makes it difficult to ascertain the specific effects of emotions across moral domains.…”

Section: Limitations Of Existing Moral Foundations Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Moral foundations vignettes: a standardized stimulus database of scenarios based on moral foundations theory

et al. 2015

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Research on the emotional, cognitive, and social determinants of moral judgment has surged in recent years. The development of moral foundations theory (MFT) has played an important role, demonstrating the breadth of morality. Moral psychology has responded by investigating how different domains of moral judgment are shaped by a variety of psychological factors. Yet, the discipline lacks a validated set of moral violations that span the moral domain, creating a barrier to investigating influences on judgment and how their neural bases might vary across the moral domain. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by developing and validating a large set of moral foundations vignettes (MFVs). Each vignette depicts a behavior violating a particular moral foundation and not others. The vignettes are controlled on many dimensions including syntactic structure and complexity making them suitable for neuroimaging research. We demonstrate the validity of our vignettes by examining respondents’ classifications of moral violations, conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and demonstrating the correspondence between the extracted factors and existing measures of the moral foundations. We expect that the MFVs will be beneficial for a wide variety of behavioral and neuroimaging investigations of moral cognition.

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“…Mapping moral content onto valence, arousal and moral judgments. Two broad questions that have motivated much research in moral psychology concern (1) the relative importance of different moral content domains for explaining moral judgments [49,121,141,146] and (2) links between moral cognition and the core affective dimensions of valence and arousal [45,[147][148][149][150][151][152]. Here, we describe image-level correlations between moral content ratings on the one hand (i.e., relevance to each of the five moral foundations), and moral judgments, valence and arousal on the other.…”

Section: Inter-rater Consensusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID): A Novel Stimulus Set for the Study of Social, Moral and Affective Processes

Crone¹,

Bode²,

Murawski³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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A major obstacle for the design of rigorous, reproducible studies in moral psychology is the lack of suitable stimulus sets. Here, we present the Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID), the largest standardized moral stimulus set assembled to date, containing 2,941 freely available photographic images, representing a wide range of morally (and affectively) positive, negative and neutral content. The SMID was validated with over 820,525 individual judgments from 2,716 participants, with normative ratings currently available for all images on affective valence and arousal, moral wrongness, and relevance to each of the five moral values posited by Moral Foundations Theory. We present a thorough analysis of the SMID regarding (1) inter-rater consensus, (2) rating precision, and (3) breadth and variability of moral content. Additionally, we provide recommendations for use aimed at efficient study design and reproducibility, and outline planned extensions to the database. We anticipate that the SMID will serve as a useful resource for psychological, neuroscientific and computational (e.g., natural language processing or computer vision) investigations of social, moral and affective processes. The SMID images, along with associated normative data and additional resources are available at https://osf.io/2rqad/.

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The arousal model of moral condemnation

Cited by 53 publications

References 40 publications

The Theory of Dyadic Morality: Reinventing Moral Judgment by Redefining Harm

The Theory of Dyadic Morality: Reinventing Moral Judgment by Redefining Harm

Moral foundations vignettes: a standardized stimulus database of scenarios based on moral foundations theory

The Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID): A Novel Stimulus Set for the Study of Social, Moral and Affective Processes

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