The present research conceptualizes open-minded cognition as a cognitive style that influences how individuals select and process information. An open-minded cognitive style is marked by willingness to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, opinions, or beliefs-even those that contradict the individual's opinion. An individual's level of cognitive openness is expected to vary across domains (such as politics and religion). Four studies develop and validate a novel measure of open-minded cognition, as well as two domain-specific measures of religious and political open-minded cognition. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (controlling for acquiescence bias) are used to develop the scales in Studies 1 to 3. Study 4 demonstrates that these scales possess convergent and discriminant validity. Study 5 demonstrates the scale's unique predictive validity using the outcome of Empathic Concern (Davis, 1980). Study 6 demonstrates the scale's unique predictive validity using the outcomes of warmth toward racial, religious, and sexual minorities.

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This chapter develops a comprehensive model of metaphor effects within the domain of political communication and political cognition. We begin by considering the nature and prevalence of metaphor commonly appearing in political rhetoric. We then provide an overarching theoretical perspective that conceptualizes metaphoric political rhetoric as a form of political framing. This metaphoric framing model posits that a communication or situational cue initially activates a root metaphor in the mind of the message recipient. This root metaphor contains an image, central theme, or storyline that is associated with the political entity, event, or issue being described. This metaphoric image influences the message recipient's attitudes and opinions regarding the event or issue. The psychological nature of this influence is presumed to be multifaceted, encompassing a variety of mediating psychological

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