“…For example, ligand-homology modeling ( Drwal and Griffith, 2013 ) uses binding site alignment and ligand transposition ( Konc et al., 2015 ) as the basis to score and validate protein-ligand interactions ( Najmanovich et al., 2008 , Shin et al., 2011 , Evangelidis et al., 2012 , Konc et al., 2012 , Kurbatova et al., 2013 , Zhou and Skolnick, 2013 , Heo et al., 2014 , Konc and Janežič, 2014 , Cleves and Jain, 2015 , Roy et al., 2015 ). Docking methods have also been enhanced by using the location of bound ligands to supplement scoring functions ( Stanton et al., 2015 , Anighoro and Bajorath, 2016 ) and to enable false positives to be pruned from virtual screening ( Bietz et al., 2016 ). Large-scale computational methods that identify 3D binding pharmacophores ( Meslamani et al., 2012 ) or represent ligand-protein interactions as networks ( Kalinina et al., 2011 , Martínez-Jiménez and Marti-Renom, 2015 , Kasahara and Kinoshita, 2016 ) are also likely to be enhanced with knowledge about the biological relevance of the ligands on which they are based, potentially improving the prediction of ligand-protein interactions ( Kinnings and Jackson, 2011 ) and the performance of machine learning methods to classify actives from decoys ( Chupakhin et al., 2013 ).…”