The Art of Immobilization Using Biopolymers, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology

Immobilization of Lipases – A Review. Part I: Enzyme Immobilization

“…They are iso-urea linkage, diazo linkage, peptide bond, or alkylation. Enzyme molecules are immobilized by a Schiff base linkage between the functional groups belonging to amino acid residues on the surface of the enzyme and an active group of the solid support materials [41]. However, this method has few demerits and the preparation procedure is rigorous.…”

“…1e. Intermolecular cross-linking of an enzyme by physical and chemical methods creates a three-dimensional structure [41,48]. The methods depend on the use of coupling reagents to cross-link the enzyme molecules.…”

“…Flocculating agents such as polyamines, polyethyleneimine, polystyrene sulfonates, and various phosphates have been used extensively. Chemical means of crosslinking normally involve covalent bonding between enzymes by using bi-or multifunctional reagents such as glutaraldehyde dicarboxylic acid or toluene diisocyanate [41]. Glutaraldehyde is a cheap and great cross-linker for commercial scale operations.…”

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Biocomposites – New Insights

“…Biopolymers have a wide range of uses in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, beauty, agricultural, biomedical, and many chemical industries [3][4][5][6]. The most common materials for such biopolymers are carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), poly(amino acids), starch [7] poly(acrylamide) (PAAm), polydopamine, poly(lactide), poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA), poly (acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL), gelatine, poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine), albumin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) [3,4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”