The Assessment of Environmental Impact of the Chicken Meat Agroindustry in Indonesia: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Perspective

Abstract

Chicken meat agroindustry is one of the industries that contribute to environmental impacts. The environmental impacts are due to the use of resources, energy, and waste along the chicken meat chain. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental impacts along the life cycle of the chicken meat chain from cradle-to-grave using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The data inventory consisted of inputs and outputs from five sub-systems: feed production, broiler production on the farm, carcass production at the slaughterhouse, supplier distribution, and consumer use. The impact categories included global warming, acidification, and eutrophication. The process of impact calculation used the CML-IA (Centre of Environmental Science of Leiden University Impact Assessment) baseline method on the SimaPro software. The results showed that consuming 1 kg of fried chicken resulted in a global warming impact of 5.86 kg CO 2 eq, acidification of 38.3 g SO 2 eq, and eutrophication of 24.1 g PO 4 3eq. Feed production, litter, and energy usage were the most significant contributors to the environmental impacts. Improvement scenarios in reducing environmental impacts included reducing crude protein in feed, composting litter, installing inverters on refrigeration compressors, and electrical energy efficiency. The present study indicated the importance of environmental impact assessment on the entire chicken meat chain to improve environmental performance in the Indonesian chicken agroindustry.

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“…There is an urgent requirement to assess the environmental implications of various food production systems in the current context of constantly increasing food consumption (Notarnicola et al 2015 ). There are several approaches to manage the environment impact, including Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), eco-efficiency, and clean output (Azmi et al 2023 ). In order to increase efficiency and minimize environmental harm, cleaner manufacturing incorporates environmental management into products, services, and processes.…”

“…Eco-efficiency is a strategy to maximize resources while improving their environmental impact. A LCA can be used to determine a product's potential lifetime impact on the environment in the meantime (Azmi et al 2023 ). LCA's primary advantage is that it allows to examine a product's whole life cycle and all of its consequences on the environment by taking consideration the entire life cycle of the pertinent product or system (Notarnicola et al 2015 ) (Fig.…”

“…A type III eco-label or Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) can be made using the LCA calculation findings. Eco-labels will increase a product's competitiveness in domestic and international markets (Azmi et al 2023 ).…”

“…While, Kalhor et al ( 2016 ) and González-García et al ( 2014 ) looked into the effects of the boundaries between slaughterhouses and chicken farms. In addition, several studies have looked at the situation from the cradle to the slaughterhouse gate, and even more research have looked at the situation from the cradle to the grave borders (Azmi et al 2023 ).…”

“…The consumption of energy and resources in the chicken meat production chain results in waste and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as shown on Fig. 8 (Azmi et al 2023 ).

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