The Assessment of Sport-Related Concussion: The Evidence Behind Neuropsychological Testing and Management

Grindel, Scott H.; Lovell, Mark R.; Collins, Michael W.

doi:10.1097/00042752-200107000-00003

Cited by 158 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…15,16 The ImPACT yields 5 quantitative composite scores: verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor speed, composite reaction time, and composite impulse control. Researchers 15,17,18 have supported ImPACT as a valid measure for neurocognitive deficits after sport-related concussion, especially when compared with a baseline. Although ImPACT is a valid construct for concussion assessment and yields high sensitivity (91.4%), specificity has been only moderate (69.4%).…”

Section: Neuropsychological Battery: Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Examination of Adolescent Athletes and Nonathletes on Baseline Neuropsychological Test Scores

Tomczyk

Mormile

Wittenberg

et al. 2018

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: An estimated 15.3 million adolescent students are enrolled in US high schools, with approximately 7.8 million participating in athletics. Researchers have examined various demographics in high school athletes; however, athletic participation may play a larger role in test performance than previously thought. Currently, investigations of concussion assessment may rely on uninjured athletes as controls. However, due to the intense nature of athletics, this may not be an appropriate practice. Objective: To examine differences between athletes and nonathletes using a common computerized neuropsychological test. Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting: High schools from a school district in Columbus, Ohio. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 662 adolescent high school students (athletes: n = 383, female n = 18; nonathletes: n = 279, female n = 193). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants were administered a computerized neuropsychological test battery (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test [ImPACT]) during baseline concussion assessment. Differences between groups were established for output composite scores. Results: Differences were found between athletes and nonathletes in composite reaction time (F1,522 = 14.855, P < .001) and total symptom score (F1,427 = 33.770, P < .001). Nonathletes reported more symptoms, whereas athletes had faster reaction times. No differences were present in composite verbal memory, composite visual memory, composite visual motor speed, or composite impulse control (P > .05). Conclusions: Symptom reporting and reaction time differed between high school athletes and nonathletes. Participation in extracurricular activities may lead to cognitive differences in adolescents that can influence performance on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test battery. Researchers should account for these differences in baseline performance when making concussion diagnostic and management decisions.

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Section: Neuropsychological Battery: Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Examination of Adolescent Athletes and Nonathletes on Baseline Neuropsychological Test Scores

Tomczyk

Mormile

Wittenberg

et al. 2018

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…We think this to be unlikely, however, given good evidence for underreporting of head injuries in other collision sports. 9,11,12 Clearly, the results of this survey demonstrate an inconsistent or nonexistent formal assessment of traumatic brain injury following a crash and a lack of consistent return-to-play guideline application. At the highest levels of the sport, concussion awareness is improving: American Motorcyclist Association Pro Racing, the premiere motorsport racing body, insists on concussion training and a baseline ImPACT (Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) test prior to granting a license and passing a subsequent ImPACT test prior to resuming competition after concussion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Concussion symptoms in youth motocross riders: a prospective, observational study

Luo¹,

Clarke²,

Zimmerman³

et al. 2015

PED

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OBJECT Action motorsports, including motocross, have been gaining popularity among children and adolescents, raising concerns for increased risk of concussions in participating youth. The authors undertook this study to test the following hypotheses: 1) that there is a high rate of concussion symptoms associated with a number of preventable or adjustable risk factors, and 2) that a high percentage of these symptoms are not be reported to adults and medical personnel. METHODS The authors identified all motocross riders under the age of 18 at a regional racetrack during the riding season between May and October 2010. The participants completed questionnaires pertaining to demographic characteristics and variables associated with motocross. The questionnaire results were compared with the incidence of self-reported concussion symptoms. RESULTS Two hundred two riders were identified who met the criteria for participation in the study, and 139 of them completed the study questionnaire. Of these 139 riders, 67 (48%) reported at least 1 concussion symptom during the season. The majority of riders (98%) reported “always” wearing a helmet, and 72% received professional help with fitting of their helmets. Proper helmet fitting was associated with a 41% decreased risk of concussion symptoms (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.44–0.81, p < 0.01). Sixty-six riders (47%) reported having received sponsor support for motocross participation. Sponsor support conferred a relative risk for concussion symptoms of 1.48 (95% CI 1.05–2.08, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of all motocross competitors under the age of 18 reported concussion symptoms. Preventive measures are necessary to limit the negative impact from concussions. The risk of concussive injury can be decreased for pediatric motocross riders if they receive professional help with proper helmet fitting and through implementation of stricter guidelines regarding sponsorship.

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“…These tests have similar administration times but differ from one another with regard to (1) the specific cognitive tasks administered, (2) the cognitive domains purported to be assessed, and (3) the type of metrics provided as testing results. No consensus has been reached on which cognitive tasks and metrics are most sensitive and specific in concussion assessment, so computerized test developers typically include a variety of tasks and scores [53]. ImPACT uses five to seven subtests that were designed to measure attention span, sustained and selective attention, working memory, nonverbal problem solving, and processing speed, with results provided as 17 scores and several graphs.…”

Section: Neuropsychological Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of sports-related concussion: Potential for application in military settings

Lew

Thomander²,

Chew³

et al. 2007

JRRD

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Abstract-This article reviews current issues and practices in the assessment and clinical management of sports-related concussion. An estimated 300,000 sports-related concussions occur annually in the United States. Much of what has been learned about concussion in the sports arena can be applied to the diagnosis and management of concussion in military settings. Current military guidelines for assessing and managing concussion in war zones incorporate information and methods developed through sports-concussion research. We discuss the incidence, definition, and diagnosis of concussion; concussion grading scales; sideline evaluation tools; neuropsychological assessment; return-to-action criteria; and complications of concussion.

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The Assessment of Sport-Related Concussion: The Evidence Behind Neuropsychological Testing and Management

Cited by 158 publications

References 44 publications

An Examination of Adolescent Athletes and Nonathletes on Baseline Neuropsychological Test Scores

An Examination of Adolescent Athletes and Nonathletes on Baseline Neuropsychological Test Scores

Concussion symptoms in youth motocross riders: a prospective, observational study

Review of sports-related concussion: Potential for application in military settings

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