The Association between Breakfast Skipping and Body Weight, Nutrient Intake, and Metabolic Measures among Participants with Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

The effect of skipping breakfast on health, especially in adults, remains a controversial topic. A secondary data analysis was conducted to examine associations between breakfast eating patterns and weight loss, nutrient intake, and metabolic parameters among participants with metabolic syndrome (MetS) (n = 240). Three randomly selected 24-h dietary recalls were collected from each participant at baseline and at the one-year visit. Skipped breakfast was seen in 32.9% at baseline and in 17.4% at the one-year visit, respectively. At baseline, after adjustment for demographics and physical activity, participants who ate breakfast had a higher thiamin, niacin, and folate intake than did breakfast skippers (p < 0.05); other selected parameters including body weight, dietary quality scores, nutrient intake, and metabolic parameters showed no significant differences between the two groups (p ≥ 0.05). From baseline to one year, after adjustment for covariates, mean fat intake increased by 2.7% (95% confidence intervals (CI): −1.0, 6.5%) of total energy in breakfast skippers in comparison to the 1.2% decrease observed in breakfast eaters (95% CI: −3.4, 1.1%) (p = 0.02). Mean changes in other selected parameters showed no significant differences between breakfast skippers and eaters (p > 0.05). This study did not support the hypothesis that skipping breakfast has impact on body weight, nutrient intakes, and selected metabolic measures in participants with MetS.

Breakfast skipping is related to inadequacy of vitamin and mineral intakes among Japanese female junior high school students: a cross-sectional study

“…Moreover, breakfast skipping was also reported to be associated with a higher prevalence of obesity (7) , hypertension (10,11) , hyperlipidaemia (11,12) , insulin insensitivity and type 2 diabetes (7) and CVD (11,13) . Such reports might partly explain findings from previous crosssectional and intervention studies which show that eating breakfast may be a predictor of healthy eating behaviour, and implies a high intake of dietary fibre, thiamine or folate, and a low intake of fat (14)(15)(16) . A systematic review of studies about breakfast skipping reported that one of the main factors for breakfast skipping was habituation (17) .…”

Infrequent home-cooked meal consumption is related to the inadequacy of dietary fibre and minerals intake among Japanese adults aged 18-64 years: analysis from the 2015 National Health and Nutrition Survey

“…Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the difference in the prevalence of meeting DRIs based on the Low and Middle groups according to the frequency of the home-cooked meal consumption compared with the High group in the crude and adjusted model. Confounding factors considered in the adjusted model were age category (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50), and 51-64 years), occupation (professional/manager, sales/service/clerical, security/transportation/labour, student, housekeeper, and not in paid employment), living alone or not (yes or no), region (Hokkaido/Tohoku, Kanto, Hokuriku/Tokai, Kinki, Shikoku/Chugoku, Kyusyu), current smoker (yes or no) and habitual alcohol drinker (yes or no), which was reported as a factor affecting the frequency of consumption of meals prepared away from home [8,27]. All statistical analyses were performed with SAS statistical software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).…”

“…Moreover, we excluded those with missing data on the frequency of eating out and take-away meals (n = 5). We also excluded those who skipped breakfast, lunch, or/and dinner (n = 749), because meal skipping may affect nutrient and food intakes [31,32], and lactating or pregnant women who may have changed their usual dietary habits (n = 84). [33] Thus, the nal participants consisted of 2,221 Japanese adults aged 18-64 years (921 men and 1,300 women).…”

Breakfast in the United States: Food and Nutrient Intakes in Relation to Diet Quality in NHANES 2011-2014. A Study from the International Breakfast Research Initiative (IBRI)

“…Breakfast skipping was associated with lower education and incomes, themselves predictors of lower quality diets and impaired health [37]. Many previous studies have pointed to associations between breakfast skipping and unfavorable health outcomes [13,14,[38][39][40][41][42].…”