“…The DIB index, annually published since 2008, is a composite index constructed on five dimensions of IC: IC strategies, operational efficiency, financial reporting quality, legal compliance and asset safety (DIB Internal Control and Risk Management Database, 2017). The IC deficiencies reported by listed companies are also incorporated into the index to improve its rigor (Li, Shu, Tang and Zheng, 2017; Li, Wang and Wang, 2017; Lin and Yu, 2015). It reflects the IC information based on the listed firm’s IC disclosure reports, IC assessment reports and auditing/assurance reports (Li, 2015).…”