The Association of Viruses and Bacteria With Infantile Diarrhea1

Yow, Martha D.; Melnick, Joseph L.; Blattner, Russell J.; Stephenson, Winnie B.; Robinson, Nettie M.; Burkhardt, Marjorie A.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121177

Cited by 66 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Bacterial culture was positive in 10.6% CAD specimens, with E coli identified as the most common non-C difficile bacteria, present in 3% of CAD episodes. However, higher rates than ours have been reported for E coli (10% to 16.8%) (6,33,36,37,45), shigella (6% to 32.6%) (6,36,37,45,46), campylobacter (4.9% to 7.9%) (10,12), salmonella (4.1% to 11%) (8,9,10,18,34,36,37,46) and aeromonas (6.9%) (9). In only a few studies (37,45,46) was it clear that the population studies consisted only of CAD episodes.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…Enterovirus isolation rates of 2.0% to 3.2% have been previously reported (5,8,33), but these studies have not delineated CAD from NAD episodes. CAD was not separated from NAD episodes in other studies in which enteroviruses were identified in 7.4% to 25.1% of paediatric patients (10,36,37). Our low isolation rate may reflect regional differences in the role of these pathogens or differences in diagnostic measures.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

“…The identified contribution of bacteria in this study of 19.4% for CAD and 23.3% for NAD is in the higher end of the documented rates of bacterial diarrheas in children of developed countries, which have ranged from 5.1% to 31% (6,(8)(9)(10)12,21,27,33,36,(42)(43)(44). Bacterial culture was positive in 10.6% CAD specimens, with E coli identified as the most common non-C difficile bacteria, present in 3% of CAD episodes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

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Differential Yield of Pathogens from Stool Testing of Nosocomial versus Community‐Acquired Paediatric Diarrhea

Deorari

McConnell

Tan

et al. 1999

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the role of routine stool examination for all pathogens in paediatric nosocomial diarrhea (NAD) and community-acquired diarrhea (CAD) over a two-year period at Alberta Children's Hospital and current practices in other Canadian hospitals. A secondary objective was to characterize features that may predict NAD or CAD etiology. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study and telephone survey. SETTING: Alberta Children's Hospital (retrospective review) and Canadian tertiary care paediatric centres (telephone survey). METHODS:The health and microbiological records of all children with an admission or discharge diagnosis of diarrhea were reviewed using a standardized data collection form. In addition, a telephone survey of laboratories serving all paediatric hospitals in Canada was conducted using a standard questionnaire to obtain information about practices for screening for pathogens related to NAD. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-four CAD episodes and 89 NAD episodes were identified. Overall, rotavirus and Clostridium difficile were the most commonly identified pathogens. Bacterial culture was positive in 10.6% CAD episodes tested, with Escherichia coli O157:H7 identified as the most common non-C difficile organism. In NAD, no bacteria were identified other than C difficile (toxin). Screening for ova and parasites had negligible yield. Viruses were more frequent in the winter months, while bacterial pathogens were more common in the summer and fall months. Over 50% of Canadian paediatric hospitals still routinely process NAD specimens similarly to CAD specimens. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for the re-evaluation of routine ova and parasite screening, and bacterial culture in nonoutbreak episodes of NAD in children.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

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Differential Yield of Pathogens from Stool Testing of Nosocomial versus Community‐Acquired Paediatric Diarrhea

Deorari

McConnell

Tan

et al. 1999

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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“…Although a variety of bacterial and viral agents have been shown to have a causal relationship to acute diarrhoea, enteroviruses are, in general, considered not an important cause (Wenner, 1972). However, there are isolated reports ofenterovirusassociated diarrhoea in institutional outbreaks (Yow et al 1970) or in immunocompromised individuals (Yolken et al 1982). This paper reports an epidemic outbreak of diarrhoea in a village 20 km east of Vellore between December 1982 and October 1983.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

An epidemic of acute diarrhoea in rural southern India associated with echovirus type 11 infection

Patel

Daniel

Mathan

1985

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYAn epidemic of diarrhoea with two distinct waves affected a village of 1375 people in southern India in 1983. The first wave of the epidemic, from the last week of December 1982, had a sharp peak in January 1983 and was over by March. Echovirus type 11 was isolated from patients, who also had a serum antibody response to the virus. During the second wave of the epidemic, from May to September 1983, the clinical features were different andShigella flexneriwas isolated without significant viral isolates. Infection during the first wave did not protect from the second wave. Virus isolation was in human intestinal tumourderived differentiated epithelial cell lines; such cell lines may be useful for the isolation and identification of entcroviruses in clinical samples.

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“…Adults appear to undergo rotavirus reinfections commonly, but usually with minimal or no clinical manifestations (2,32). Epidemiologic studies have shown that rotaviruses are the major etiologic agents of diarrheal illness among children in both developed and developing countries.…”

Section: Burden Of Rotavirus Gastroenteritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Rotavirus Infection in Certain Countries

Shahrabadi

Ahmadi

2014

Iran J Virol

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Acute diarrhea with severe dehydration has been a major worldwide cause of death in children younger than 5 years of age. Etiological studies of gastroenteritis have shown that rotavirus causes 40-50% of acute diarrhea among infants and children in both developing and developed nations. Numerous epidemiologic studies in the US and the World Health Organization have documented the clinical importance and high prevalence of severe rotavirus disease. The main aim of this review is to provide readers a snapshot of epidemiologic and clinical features of rotavirus diarrhea and identify epidemiologic patterns that would specifically define rotavirus disease based on studies done primarily by the CDC and Rotavirus Surveillance Network. Every year, rotavirus causes 111million episodes of gastroenteritis in three clinical settings (mild cases requiring home care, clinic visit in moderate cases, and hospitalization for severe cases). Regarding high frequency of rotavirus infection among children aged <5 years old, development of rotavirus vaccines and prevention programs will reduce the morbidity of Rotavirus diseases that will require betterquality surveillance of rotavirus disease burden among children worldwide.

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The Association of Viruses and Bacteria With Infantile Diarrhea1

Cited by 66 publications

References 0 publications

Differential Yield of Pathogens from Stool Testing of Nosocomial versus Community‐Acquired Paediatric Diarrhea

Differential Yield of Pathogens from Stool Testing of Nosocomial versus Community‐Acquired Paediatric Diarrhea

An epidemic of acute diarrhoea in rural southern India associated with echovirus type 11 infection

Epidemiology of Rotavirus Infection in Certain Countries

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