The Atherogenic Effects of Serum Amyloid A are Potentially Mediated via Inflammation and Apoptosis

Orthopedic surgery increases atherosclerotic lesions and necrotic core area in ApoE−/− mice

“…For instance, SAA induces TGF-β, increases vascular biglycan content, and increases LDL retention 19 . SAA also stimulates NF-κB activation and induces the expression of pro-atherosclerotic factors, such as ICAM-1, MCP-1, MMP-9 and tissue factor in macrophages 20 . Lastly, SAA displaces apoA-I from the surface of the HDL particle, thus generating free apoA-I, which is cleared faster by the kidney, thus potentially affecting the anti-atherogenic effect of HDL 21 .…”

Serum amyloid A, an acute phase protein, stimulates proliferative and proinflammatory responses of keratinocytes

“…SAA is induced in peripheral tissues in response to infection and acute injury, while it can promote inflammation, in part through elicitation of proinflammatory cytokine production and recruitment of granulocytes, monocytes, and T lymphocytes . In addition, SAA also plays an important role in regulating the cellular proliferation and apoptosis . It has been demonstrated that SAA promotes the proliferation and survival of human fibroblast‐like synoviocytes …”

NFκB Inhibition Mitigates Serum Amyloid A-Induced Pro-Atherogenic Responses in Endothelial Cells and Leukocyte Adhesion and Adverse Changes to Endothelium Function in Isolated Aorta

“…SAA is also known to induce pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic activities in endothelial cells, including up-regulation of adhesion molecules, decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and bioactivity and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [13], all effects linked to endothelial dysfunction, which precedes atherogenesis [2,14]. Furthermore, SAA induces production of tissue factor (TF) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and immortalised macrophage cells [15,16] as well as other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6, IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) in both monocytes and local stromal cells [15,17].…”