The auditory system of the goldfish (Carassius auratus): Effects of intense acoustic stimulation

Popper, Arthur N.; Clarke, Nancy L.

doi:10.1016/s0300-9629(76)80003-5

Cited by 67 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This means that even transient anthropogenic sounds such as boat traffic may affect fishes. Previous studies examining the effect of noise on fish used durations of ≥1·h (Popper and Clarke, 1976;Yan, 2001, 2002b;Amoser and Ladich, 2003). When duration of noise exposure was log-transformed, the relationship between TTS and duration was linear for our short-term experiment.…”

Section: Effects Of Noise Duration and Recovery On Auditory Thresholdsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Noise exposure had a considerable impact on threshold shifts (up to 28·dB) at all frequencies in goldfish but with shifts being greater where their hearing sensitivity is best. Popper and Clarke (1976) examined the effects of pure tones on threshold shifts in goldfish and found that SPLs of 149·dB re 1·µPa produced threshold shifts of approximately 7-9·dB and 18-27·dB at 500·Hz and 800·Hz, respectively. Thus, TTS were most dramatic at frequencies where goldfish are more sensitive.…”

Section: Effects Of Noise Duration and Recovery On Auditory Thresholdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Noise-induced stress response and hearing loss in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Smith

Kane

Popper

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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256

207

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Sound is an important means of communication in aquatic environments because it can be propagated rapidly (five times faster than in air) over great distances and it is not attenuated as quickly as other signals such as light or chemicals (Hawkins and Myrberg, 1983). Thus, it is not surprising that fishes and marine mammals make considerable use of sound for communication, for detection of predators and prey and for learning about their environment (Au and Nachtigall, 1997;Edds-Walton, 1997;Zelick et al., 1999;Fay and Popper, 2000).Within the past decade, there has developed an increased awareness that underwater anthropogenic (human-generated) sounds may be detrimental to marine organisms by masking the detection of biologically relevant signals and/or even damaging the exposed animals (NRC, 2000(NRC, , 2003. These sounds may be associated with shipping, dredging, drilling, seismic surveys, sonar, recreational boating and many other human-made sources. As a result of these human-generated sounds, ambient noise levels in the ocean are thought to be growing (NRC, 2003). Early estimates by Ross (1993) suggest a 10·dB increase from 1950 to 1975 alone or more than a doubling in noise level. This is likely to have risen further with increases in shipping and uses of other acoustic sources in parts of the oceans (NRC, 2003). Indeed, recent forecasts by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's Marine Transportation System indicate that foreign oceanborne trade is expected to double by the year 2020 (US Department of Transportation, 1999), and this could result in even greater ocean noise levels in shipping lanes unless there are dramatic changes in ship acoustics.Substantial exposure of fish to acoustical stress is also found in many aquaculture facilities (Bart et al., 2001) that are important sources of food, ornamental species and stock enhancement of wild populations. While considerable effort has been made to optimize growth of aquaculture species by manipulating many environmental parameters such as temperature, food quality, photoperiod, water chemistry and stock density, little or no concern has been directed to determining the appropriate acoustic environment for optimal growth and development. Rearing conditions in aquaculture tanks can produce sound levels within the frequency range of fish hearing that are 20-50·dB higher than in natural habitats (Bart et al., 2001). The few studies that have examined the Fishes are often exposed to environmental sounds such as those associated with shipping, seismic experiments, sonar and/or aquaculture pump systems. While efforts have been made to document the effects of such anthropogenic (human-generated) sounds on marine mammals, the effects of excess noise on fishes are poorly understood. We examined the short-and long-term effects of increased ambient sound on the stress and hearing of goldfish (Carassius auratus; a hearing specialist). We reared fish under either quiet (110-125·dB re 1·µPa) or noisy (white noise, 160-170·dB re 1·µPa) conditions a...

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Section: Effects Of Noise Duration and Recovery On Auditory Thresholdsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Effects Of Noise Duration and Recovery On Auditory Thresholdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise-induced stress response and hearing loss in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Smith

Kane

Popper

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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256

207

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“…temporary threshold shifts (TTS); Popper and Clarke, 1976;Scholik and Yan, 2001]. Even louder sounds, or longer exposure to somewhat quieter sounds, produce damage to the sensory cells of fish ears, as evidenced in the few fish species that have been studied, and this may lead to permanent loss of hearing (i.e.…”

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confidence: 99%

Acoustical stress and hearing sensitivity in fishes: does the linear threshold shift hypothesis hold water?

Smith

Kane

Popper

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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105

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SUMMARY Mammals exposed to loud aerial sounds exhibit temporary threshold shifts(TTS) that are linearly related to increases of sound pressure above baseline hearing levels. It was unknown if this relationship held true for aquatic ectotherms such as fishes. To test this linear threshold shift hypothesis(LINTS) in fishes, we examined the effects of increased ambient sound on hearing of two species differing in hearing capabilities: goldfish(Carassius auratus; a hearing specialist) and tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus; a hearing generalist). Fish were exposed to 1–28 days of either quiet (110 dB re 1 μPa) or continuous white noise. First, we examined the effect of noise sound pressure level (SPL; 130,140, 160 or 170 dB re 1 μPa) on goldfish hearing thresholds after 24 h of noise exposure. Second, in a long-term experiment using 170 dB re 1 μPa white noise, we continuously exposed goldfish and tilapia for either 7 or 21–28 days. In both experiments, we measured alterations in hearing capabilities (using auditory brainstem responses) of noise-exposed fish. While tilapia exposed to noise for 28 days showed little or no hearing loss,goldfish exhibited considerable threshold shifts that reached an asymptote of up to 25 dB after only 24 h of exposure. There was a positive linear relationship between noise-induced TTS and the sound pressure difference between the noise and the baseline hearing thresholds in goldfish but not in tilapia. A similar relationship was found for published noise-induced threshold shifts in birds and mammals, but the slope of the linear relationship was greater in these groups than for fish. The linear threshold shift relationship provides insights into differential susceptibility of hearing specialist and generalist fishes to noise-induced hearing loss for a given SPL and provides a framework for future research on noise-induced threshold shifts in fishes and other animals.

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“…Several studies have reported that hearing loss in fishes can be temporary, whereby their hearing recovers post-noise exposure. These temporary threshold shifts were first documented in goldfish (Popper & Clarke 1976), and have been confirmed more recently in several other species of fish (Scholik & Yan 2001, Amoser & Ladich 2003, Smith et al 2004, 2006. This recovery in hearing is most likely due to the proliferation of new hair cells (Popper & Hoxter 1984, Lombarte & Popper 1994 or the regeneration of damaged ones (Lombarte et al 1993, Smith et al 2006, Schuck & Smith 2009), al though there may be other mechanisms involved for temporary shifts in hearing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Chronic low-intensity noise exposure affects the hearing thresholds of juvenile snapper

Caiger¹,

Montgomery²,

Radford³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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A growing body of evidence suggests that larval fish use sound as an orientation cue to remotely locate suitable settlement habitats. Several theoretical models have used hearing thresholds to estimate the distance at which fish larvae can detect reefs. However, researchers have often measured hearing thresholds from fish raised in aquaculture environments, or held them in closed-system tanks once caught, where equipment can significantly increase the noise levels in the tanks. The possibility arises that exposure to such noise negatively affects the hearing ability of the fish held there, such that distances predicted from these studies may be underestimated. The objective of this study was to compare the hearing ability of wild versus aquacultured snapper Pagrus auratus using auditory evoked potentials. Juvenile snapper from aquaculture tanks had significantly higher hearing thresholds at 100, 200 and 400 Hz than wild snapper. A controlled noise-exposure experiment, where snapper were ex posed for 2 wk to low-intensity noise at 120 dB re 1 µPa, confirmed these results. When plotted using an extended reef-based model, the distance at which aquaculture-raised snapper are predicted to detect a particular reef was half of that found for their wild counterparts. Clearly, the acoustic history of experimental subjects is an important consideration when using hearing thresholds to make ecological estimations, such as the distance at which larvae could detect reefs.

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The auditory system of the goldfish (Carassius auratus): Effects of intense acoustic stimulation

Cited by 67 publications

References 48 publications

Noise-induced stress response and hearing loss in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Noise-induced stress response and hearing loss in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Acoustical stress and hearing sensitivity in fishes: does the linear threshold shift hypothesis hold water?

Chronic low-intensity noise exposure affects the hearing thresholds of juvenile snapper

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