The autonomic nervous system and chromaffin tissue: Neuroendocrine regulation of catecholamine secretion in non-mammalian vertebrates

Perry, Steve F.; Capaldo, Anna

doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.04.006

Cited by 63 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…In an initial alarm phase, catecholamines are released into the circulatory system, where they circulate in a free form or conjugated to blood proteins; in blood, catecholamines have a short half-life of about 3 to 4 minutes. Its biosynthetic pathway of synthesis is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom with the rate-limiting step controlled by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (Perry and Capaldo, 2010). Both catecholamines have a large number of actions, most of which contribute to the sympathetic fight-or-flight response.…”

Section: Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The best well known functions of adrenaline and noradrenalin are their actions in the cardiovascular system, the stimulation of glycogenolysis in skeletal and cardiac muscle, mobilizing glucose in those tissues, which aimed at reducing the detrimental effects of stressors on physiological function or optimizing physiological processes during periods of increased energetic demand. In the more highly evolved vertebrates, such as mammals and birds, the acute humoral adrenergic stress response effectively complements the neuronal regulation of physiological systems via the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (Perry and Capaldo, 2010). Cells of adrenal cortex respond to the HPA axis and mediate the stress response through production of steroid hormones, namely mineralocorticoids and GCs.…”

Section: Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are elongated in snakes and usually globular in lizards. The right gland is attached to the caudal vena cava (reviewed by Perry and Capaldo, 2010).…”

Section: Reptilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Endocrine Response to Stress - A Comparative View

Tort¹

2011

Basic and Clinical Endocrinology Up-to-Date

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Section: Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Endocrine Response to Stress - A Comparative View

Tort¹

2011

Basic and Clinical Endocrinology Up-to-Date

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“…(Bagatto, 2005;Schwerte et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2009;Steele et al, 2011), it is not straightforward to distinguish between tone arising from a functional sympathetic innervation of the heart and tone associated with circulating catecholamines. Control of catecholamine secretion, although well characterized in adults (Reid et al, 1998;Perry and Bernier, 1999;Perry and Capaldo, 2011), has not been studied in larval fish. Thus it remains unknown whether the larvae investigated in the present study had yet developed an acute humoral adrenergic stress response capable of raising circulating catecholamine levels to stimulate cardiac β 1 -ARs.…”

Section: Hypercapnic Tachycardia Is An Adrenergic Reflexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac responses to hypercapnia in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio): The links between CO2 chemoreception, catecholamines and carbonic anhydrase

Miller

Pollack

Bradshaw

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The ontogeny of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sensing in zebrafish (Danio rerio) has not been examined. In this study, CO 2 -mediated increases in heart rate were used to gauge the capacity of zebrafish larvae to sense CO 2 . CO 2 is thought to be detected via neuroepithelial cells (NECs), which are homologous to mammalian carotid body glomus cells. Larvae at 5 days post-fertilization (d.p.f.) exhibited tachycardia when exposed for 30 min to 0.75% CO 2 (~5.63 mmHg); at 7 d.p.f., tachycardia was elicited by 0.5% CO 2 (~3.75 mmHg). Based on pharmacological evidence using β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonists, and confirmed by β 1 -AR translational gene knockdown using morpholinos, the reflex tachycardia accompanying hypercapnia was probably mediated by the interaction of catecholamines with cardiac β 1 receptors. Because the cardiac response to hypercapnia was abolished by the ganglionic blocker hexamethonium, it is probable that the reflex cardio-acceleration was mediated by catecholamines derived from sympathetic adrenergic neurons. Owing to its likely role in facilitating intracellular acidification during exposure to hypercapnia, it was hypothesized that carbonic anhydrase (CA) is involved in CO 2 sensing, and that inhibition of CA activity would blunt the downstream responses. Indeed, the cardiac response to hypercapnia (0.75% CO 2 ) was reduced in fish at 5 d.p.f. exposed to acetazolamide, a CA inhibitor, and in fish experiencing zCAc (CA2-like a) knockdown. Successful knockdown of zCAc was confirmed by CA activity measurements, western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Co-injection of embryos with zCAc morpholino and mRNA modified at the morpholino binding site restored normal levels of CA activity and protein levels, and restored (rescued) the usual cardiac responses to hypercapnia. These data, combined with the finding that zCAc is expressed in NECs located on the skin, suggest that the afferent limb of the CO 2 -induced cardiac reflex in zebrafish larvae is initiated by coetaneous CO 2 -sensing neuroepithelial cells.

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“…In 1968, the term 'stimulus-secretion coupling' was coined following the discovery that calcium ions were required for catecholamine (CAT) secretion from 'chromaffin' cells in the adrenal medulla (Douglas, 1968). It is now generally recognized that in both mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates (Perry and Capaldo, 2011), CAT release from chromaffin tissue plays a key role in the ability of the animal to adapt to environmental stressors. In the adult, activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress initiates the 'fight or flight' response, resulting in a coordinated series of autonomic responses that include an increase in blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac contractility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny of O2 and CO2//H+ chemosensitivity in adrenal chromaffin cells: role of innervation

Salman

Buttigieg

Nurse

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The adrenal medulla plays a key role in the physiological responses of developing and mature mammals by releasing catecholamines (CAT) during stress. In rodents and humans, the innervation of CATproducing, adrenomedullary chromaffin cells (AMCs) is immature or absent during early postnatal life, when these cells possess 'direct' hypoxia-and CO 2 /H + -chemosensing mechanisms. During asphyxial stressors at birth, these mechanisms contribute to a CAT surge that is critical for adaptation to extra-uterine life. These direct chemosensing mechanisms regress postnatally, in parallel with maturation of splanchnic innervation. Here, we review the evidence that neurotransmitters released from the splanchnic nerve during innervation activate signaling cascades that ultimately cause regression of direct AMC chemosensitivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia. In particular, we consider the roles of cholinergic and opioid receptor signaling, given that splanchnic nerves release acetylcholine and opiate peptides onto their respective postsynaptic nicotinic and opioid receptors on AMCs. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies in the rat suggest that interactions involving α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α signaling pathway, protein kinases and ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) channels contribute to the selective suppression of hypoxic chemosensitivity. In contrast, interactions involving μ-and/or δ-opiod receptor signaling pathways contribute to the suppression of both hypoxic and hypercapnic chemosensitivity, via regulation of the expression of K ATP channels and carbonic anhydrase (CA I and II), respectively. These data suggest that the ontogeny of O 2 and CO 2 /H + chemosensitivity in chromaffin cells can be regulated by the tonic release of presynaptic neurotransmitters.

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The autonomic nervous system and chromaffin tissue: Neuroendocrine regulation of catecholamine secretion in non-mammalian vertebrates

Cited by 63 publications

References 123 publications

The Endocrine Response to Stress - A Comparative View

The Endocrine Response to Stress - A Comparative View

Cardiac responses to hypercapnia in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio): The links between CO2 chemoreception, catecholamines and carbonic anhydrase

Ontogeny of O2 and CO2//H+ chemosensitivity in adrenal chromaffin cells: role of innervation

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