The Axial Age in Asia:The Archaeology of Buddhism (500 B.C.‐A.D. 500)

Ray, Himanshu Prabha

doi:10.1002/9780470774670.ch14

Cited by 30 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Areas of southern India that flank coastal Bengal like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh were particularly important source regions for the spread of Buddhism through the Bay of Bengal and into mainland Southeast Asia (Bellina and Glover 2004;Ray 2005). Secular brick coastal structures have been reported from the 3rd century BC, based on brick dimensions (Gaur et al 2005).…”

Section: Possible Origin Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monumentality in the Mekong Delta: Luminescence Dating and Implications

Stark

Sanderson

Bingham

2007

BIPPA

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Being Earth and the Word, the brick is a goddess: 'To thee, O Goddess, Brick, let us sacrifice with oblation' (Kramrisch 1976:105) Brick construction technology appeared throughout much of mainland Southeast Asia by the mid-first millennium AD, and is associated with the earliest states in the region. Populations in these early states used bricks to construct encircling settlement walls, to erect religious structures for housing Indic deities (Parmentier 1932:187), to create Buddhist caitya or stupa shrines within and around their settlements, and to construct mortuary monuments that contained cremations. Given the large number of brick monuments in India and Southeast Asia, the cultural significance of the monuments themselves and their spread through the region and the difficulties of obtaining absolute ages for the bricks and brick structures using other means, a huge need exists to date bricks directly that were used in these public works.This article focuses on dating bricks used to construct first millennium AD monuments, shrines, and other public works. Several persistent questions concerning the earliest brick technology remain unanswered, including the range of construction uses, the linkage between this technology and other concomitant organizational shifts, and the origins of this particular technology. None of these questions can be answered, however, without a solid grasp of the time-space systematics. The Mekong delta (southern Cambodia and southern Vietnam) is an ideal setting for studying Southeast Asian's early brick technological tradition. Not only was the delta a crucible for social and political complexity during the early to midfirst millennium AD (Hall

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Section: Possible Origin Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monumentality in the Mekong Delta: Luminescence Dating and Implications

Stark

Sanderson

Bingham

2007

BIPPA

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“…In the first phase, sporadic interaction between the fourth century b.c. and second century a.d. (Bellina 2003, Bellina & Glover 2004 may be linked to the rise of Buddhism and Jainism in South Asia and resultant investment in international trade (Ray 1994(Ray , 1997(Ray , 2005. Tin, found throughout much of Southeast Asia (Bronson 1992, p. 80), was a major attraction to South Asians, whose metallurgical tradition incorporated high-tin bronzes.…”

Section: Starkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium A.D.

Stark

2006

Annu. Rev. Anthropol.

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Southeast Asia's earliest states emerged during the first millennium a.d. from the Irawaddy River of Myanmar to the Red River delta of northern Vietnam. Developments during this time laid the groundwork for the fluorescence of the region's later and better-known civilizations such as Angkor and Pagan. Yet disciplinary and language barriers have thus far precluded an anthropological synthesis of cultural developments during this time. This review uses a landscape focus to synthesize current knowledge of mainland Southeast Asia's earliest states, which emerged in the first millennium a.d. Research from archaeology and history illuminates articulations between physical and social factors in several kinds of Early Southeast Asian landscapes: economic, urban, and political. Social and ideological forces that shaped these first-millennium-a.d. landscapes are discussed as integral aspects of early state formation.

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Tracing human settlements: analyzing the spatio-temporal distribution of Buddhist temples in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand

Patnukao,

Cheewinsiriwat,

Bamrungkhul

et al. 2024

GeoJournal

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Buddhist temples offer invaluable historical insights into the movement of people across different historical periods and their interactions with the environment. This study focuses on the examination of temple locations in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, with two primary objectives: analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics of temples across periods to trace the development of temples and settlements, and exploring the relationships between temple locations in each period and physical environmental factors/landforms. To achieve these objectives, GIS tools, including average nearest neighbor (ANN) analysis, kernel density estimation (KDE), and standard deviational ellipse (SDE) analysis, are employed. The study reveals significant patterns. Temples exhibit varying concentrations and shifts over periods, primarily along the ancient trans-peninsular route, with the area around Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan emerging as a prominent center. Over time, temples were built at higher elevations and moving away from waterways. The preference for constructing temples on flat terrains is predominant. In the Sukhothai period (prior to 1349 CE), temples were often situated on flood-resistant sandbars. In the Ayutthaya period (1350 CE – 1767 CE), temples were strategically positioned on plains near waterways and trade routes. During the Thonburi period (1768 CE – 1781 CE), temples were primarily located at higher elevations. From Rattanakosin to present (1782 CE – present), temples expanded to higher elevations due to economic crop cultivation, population growth, and road network development. This study sheds light on the dynamic development of temples and their relationship with environmental factors, contributing to our understanding of historical human settlements and interactions with the landscape.

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The Axial Age in Asia:The Archaeology of Buddhism (500 B.C.‐A.D. 500)

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

Monumentality in the Mekong Delta: Luminescence Dating and Implications

Monumentality in the Mekong Delta: Luminescence Dating and Implications

Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium A.D.

Tracing human settlements: analyzing the spatio-temporal distribution of Buddhist temples in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand

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