The Basal Ganglia

Haber, Suzanne N.; Gdowski, Martha Johnson

doi:10.1016/b978-012547626-3/50022-3

Cited by 56 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 639 publications

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“…6), an apparent ventrorostral to dorsocaudal gradient of low to high t-values may be observed in the putamen. Previous studies have shown a rostrocaudal functional gradient of inputs in the neostriatum, where motor and premotor cortices mainly project to dorsal and caudal areas of the putamen (Draganski et al, 2008;Haber, 2003;Haber and Gdowski, 2004;Lehericy et al, 2004), suggesting that the putamen voxels with high t-values observed in the present study may be within the regions involved in motor control. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between choice RT performance and MD within specific neostriatal regions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Brain microstructural correlates of visuospatial choice reaction time in children

et al. 2011

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The corticospinal tracts and the basal ganglia continue to develop during childhood and adolescence, and indices of their maturation can be obtained using diffusion-weighted imaging. Here we show that a simple measure of visuomotor function is correlated with diffusion parameters in the corticospinal tracts and neostriatum. In a cohort of 75 typically-developing children aged 7 to 13 years, mean 5-choice reaction times (RTs) were assessed. We hypothesised that children with faster choice RTs would show lower mean diffusivity (MD) in the corticospinal tracts and neostriatum and higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in the corticospinal tracts, after controlling for age, gender, and handedness. Mean MD and/or FA were extracted from the right and left corticospinal tracts, putamen, and caudate nuclei. As predicted, faster 5-choice RTs were associated with lower MD in the corticospinal tracts, putamen, and caudate. MD effects on RT were bilateral in the corticospinal tracts and putamen, whilst right caudate MD was more strongly related to performance than was left caudate MD. Our results suggest a link between motor performance variability in children and diffusivity in the motor system, which may be related to: individual differences in the phase of fibre tract and neostriatal maturation in children of similar age, individual differences in motor experience during childhood (i.e., use-dependent plasticity), and/or more stable individual differences in the architecture of the motor system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Brain microstructural correlates of visuospatial choice reaction time in children

et al. 2011

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“…Interestingly, an altered expression was found for a group of genes (italic in Table 1) expressed in the basal ganglia [29][30][31] and involved in the control of movements, some of which are decreased in another developmental disorder, Tourette syndrome. 32,33 Analysis by qRT-PCR confirmed the trend toward upregulation for all of these genes, although the alteration was not statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered expression of neuropeptides in FoxG1-null heterozygous mutant mice

et al. 2015

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Foxg1 gene encodes for a transcription factor essential for telencephalon development in the embryonic mammalian forebrain. Its complete absence is embryonic lethal while Foxg1 heterozygous mice are viable but display microcephaly, altered hippocampal neurogenesis and behavioral and cognitive deficiencies. In order to evaluate the effects of Foxg1 alteration in adult brain, we performed expression profiling in total brains from Foxg1+/ − heterozygous mutants and wild-type littermates. We identified statistically significant differences in expression levels for 466 transcripts (Po0.001), 29 of which showed a fold change ≥ 1.5. Among the differentially expressed genes was found a group of genes expressed in the basal ganglia and involved in the control of movements. A relevant (three to sevenfold changes) and statistically significant increase of expression, confirmed by qRT-PCR, was found in two highly correlated genes with expression restricted to the hypothalamus: Oxytocin (Oxt) and Arginine vasopressin (Avp). These neuropeptides have an important role in maternal and social behavior, and their alteration is associated with impaired social interaction and autistic behavior. In addition, Neuronatin (Nnat) levels appear significantly higher both in Foxg1+/ − whole brain and in hippocampal neurons after silencing Foxg1, strongly suggesting that it is directly or indirectly repressed by Foxg1. During fetal and neonatal brain development, Nnat may regulate neuronal excitability, receptor trafficking and calcium-dependent signaling and, in the adult brain, it is predominantly expressed in parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons. Overall, these results implicate the overexpression of a group of neuropeptides in the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, cortex and hippocampus in the pathogenesis FOXG1 behavioral impairments.

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“…There is no simple way to resolve the differences observed in this study and previous studies in rats, but differences in metabolism, route of administration, and length of exposure may all contribute to differences between rodents and primates. Furthermore, direct comparisons of drug -induced alterations in prefrontal cortical regions between rodents and primates is difficult due to the marked expansion and differentiation of the primate cerebral cortex compared to the rat (Lewis and Akil 1997;Preuss 1995;Preuss 2001) and in the complexity of primate thalamocortical projections (Haber and Gdowski 2004) and mesocortical dopamine projections in primates (Francois et al 1999;Lynd-Balta and Haber 1994;Williams and Goldman-Rakic 1998). Also, use of primates enables a closer approximation of antipsychotic doses used in psychiatric patients (Castner et al 2000;Lidow et al 1997;Lidow and Goldman-Rakic 1994;Lidow andGoldman-Rakic 1997a, 2006), and offers similar metabolism of clozapine and haloperidol in humans and monkeys (Bun et al 1999;Stafford et al 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AMPA receptor subunit and splice variant expression in the DLPFC of schizophrenic subjects and rhesus monkeys chronically administered antipsychotic drugs

O’Connor

Muly

Arnold

et al. 2007

Schizophrenia Research

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Disturbances in glutamate neurotransmission are thought to be one of the major contributing factors to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), glutamate neurotransmission is largely mediated by AMPA receptors. Data regarding alterations of subunit expression in the brains of patients with schizophrenia remain equivocal. This may be due to differences in technique sensitivity, endogenous control selection for normalization of data, or effect of antipsychotic drug treatment in different cohorts of schizophrenia. This study attempted to address these issues by examining the expression of AMPA receptor subunits and splice variants in the DLPFC of two schizophrenia cohorts using quantitative PCR (qPCR) with normalization to the geometric mean of multiple endogenous controls. In addition, a non-human primate model of chronic antipsychotic drug administration was used to determine the extent to which the transcript expression may be altered by antipsychotic drug treatment in the primate DLPFC. AMPA receptor subunits and flip and/or flop splice variants were not significantly different in the DLPFC of schizophrenia subjects versus controls in either of the two cohorts. However, in rhesus monkeys chronically treated with antipsychotic drugs, clozapine treatment significantly decreased GRIA1 and increased GRIA3 mRNA expression, while both clozapine and haloperidol increased the expression of GRIA2 subunit mRNA. Expression of AMPA receptor splice variants was not significantly altered by antipsychotic drug administration. This is the first study to show that AMPA receptor subunit mRNAs in the primate DLPFC are altered by antipsychotic drug administration. Antipsychotic drug induced alterations may help explain differences in human post-mortem studies regarding AMPA receptor subunit expression and provide some insight into the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs.

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The Basal Ganglia

Cited by 56 publications

References 639 publications

Brain microstructural correlates of visuospatial choice reaction time in children

Brain microstructural correlates of visuospatial choice reaction time in children

Altered expression of neuropeptides in FoxG1-null heterozygous mutant mice

AMPA receptor subunit and splice variant expression in the DLPFC of schizophrenic subjects and rhesus monkeys chronically administered antipsychotic drugs

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