Abstract:After WTG Morton's first public demonstration in 1846 of use of ether as an anaesthetic agent, for many years anaesthesiologists did not require a machine to deliver anaesthesia to the patients. After the introduction of oxygen and nitrous oxide in the form of compressed gases in cylinders, there was a necessity for mounting these cylinders on a metal frame. This stimulated many people to attempt to construct the anaesthesia machine. HEG Boyle in the year 1917 modified the Gwathmey's machine and this became po… Show more
“…As a consequence, DAC has been gaining increased popularity . Note that the removal of CO 2 from low‐concentration feeds (below 5000 ppm) has already been implemented commercially in niche applications such as air revitalization in confined spaces, for example, in submarines and spacecrafts, and in closedcircuit breathing systems for diving, mining, anesthesia delivery, and other emergency situations . However, these methods are too costly for large‐scale carbon capture from air.…”
Until recently, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) was regarded as the most promising technology to address the alarming increase in the concentration of anthropogenic CO in the atmosphere. There is now an increasing interest in carbon capture and utilization (CCU). In this context, the capture of CO from air is an ideal solution to supply pure CO wherever it is needed. Here, we describe innovative materials for direct air capture (DAC) with unprecedented efficiency. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was supported on PME, which is an extra-large-pore silica (pore-expanded MCM-41) with its internal surfaces fully covered by a uniform layer of readily accessible C chains from cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA ) cations. The CTMA layer plays a key role in enhancing the amine efficiency toward dry or humid ultradilute CO (400 ppm CO /N ) to unprecedented levels. At the same PEI content, the amine efficiency of PEI/PME was two to four times higher than that of the corresponding calcined mesoporous silica loaded with PEI or with different combinations of C chains and PEI. Under humid conditions, the amine efficiency of 40 wt % PEI/PME reached 7.31 mmolCO2 /g , the highest ever reported for any supported PEI in the presence of 400 ppm CO . Thus, amine accessibility, which reflects both the state of PEI dispersion and the adsorption efficiency, is intimately associated with the molecular design of the adsorbent.
“…As a consequence, DAC has been gaining increased popularity . Note that the removal of CO 2 from low‐concentration feeds (below 5000 ppm) has already been implemented commercially in niche applications such as air revitalization in confined spaces, for example, in submarines and spacecrafts, and in closedcircuit breathing systems for diving, mining, anesthesia delivery, and other emergency situations . However, these methods are too costly for large‐scale carbon capture from air.…”
Until recently, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) was regarded as the most promising technology to address the alarming increase in the concentration of anthropogenic CO in the atmosphere. There is now an increasing interest in carbon capture and utilization (CCU). In this context, the capture of CO from air is an ideal solution to supply pure CO wherever it is needed. Here, we describe innovative materials for direct air capture (DAC) with unprecedented efficiency. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was supported on PME, which is an extra-large-pore silica (pore-expanded MCM-41) with its internal surfaces fully covered by a uniform layer of readily accessible C chains from cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA ) cations. The CTMA layer plays a key role in enhancing the amine efficiency toward dry or humid ultradilute CO (400 ppm CO /N ) to unprecedented levels. At the same PEI content, the amine efficiency of PEI/PME was two to four times higher than that of the corresponding calcined mesoporous silica loaded with PEI or with different combinations of C chains and PEI. Under humid conditions, the amine efficiency of 40 wt % PEI/PME reached 7.31 mmolCO2 /g , the highest ever reported for any supported PEI in the presence of 400 ppm CO . Thus, amine accessibility, which reflects both the state of PEI dispersion and the adsorption efficiency, is intimately associated with the molecular design of the adsorbent.
“…Pros: The use of closed and semi-closed mechanical ventilation systems has greatly reduced anesthetic gas leakage during procedures as compared to the original open systems. Added safety systems include hypoxic mixture alarm, intrapulmonary pressures, minute ventilation alarms, carbon dioxide absorber, pin index and diameter index safety systems, and backup oxygen and electrical power sources (38,39).…”
The field of medical technology has undergone significant advancements over the years, from the use of ancient scalpels, forceps, and sutures to complex devices like intraoperative MRI suites, artificial intelligence-enabled monitors, and robotic surgical systems. These advancements have had a profound impact on the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases, and have significantly improved the quality of life for millions of people around the world. As we move forward, it is important to reflect on the direction of medical technology and consider the potential risks and benefits of new advancements. We must also ensure that these technologies are accessible to all and that they are used ethically and responsibly. There is still much to be discovered and developed in the field of medical technology, and it is up to us to ensure that we are moving in a positive direction that benefits everyone.
“…Boyle’s anesthesia device, originally manufactured by Coxeter & Sons, and subsequently acquired by the British Oxygen Company, is considered the standard design for the physical composition of anesthesia stations today, although it has undergone numerous modifications since its first appearance ( Fig. 14 ), as technological advances have been made 47 , 48 ( Table 1 ). Figure 14 Boyle´s Machine.…”
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