The Basic Framework

Cornwell, J. F.

doi:10.1016/b978-012189800-7/50001-7

Cited by 12 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…which, in turn, induces rotations on the Stokes vector n, as confirmed by the well-known relation between SU(2) and the group of rotations SO(3) [52]. The essential point is that P (2) is clearly unchanged by these transformations.…”

Section: A Two-dimensional Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Classical distinguishability as an operational measure of polarization

et al. 2014

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We put forward an operational degree of polarization that can be extended in a natural way to fields whose wave fronts are not necessarily planar. This measure appears as a distance from a state to the set of all of its polarization-transformed counterparts. By using the Hilbert-Schmidt metric, the resulting degree is a sum of two terms: one is the purity of the state and the other can be interpreted as a classical distinguishability, which can be experimentally determined in an interferometric setup. For transverse fields, this reduces to the standard approach, whereas it allows one to get a straight expression for nonparaxial fields.

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Section: A Two-dimensional Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Classical distinguishability as an operational measure of polarization

et al. 2014

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“…The natural language for tackling this problem is the one of Lie algebras [12,13] since the set of reachable interactions is given by the Lie algebra L generated by the set iS. This follows from the Lie -Trotter formulae [14] e αL k +βL l = lim n→∞ e αL k /n e βL l /n n , α, β ∈ R,…”

Section: Statement Of the Problem And Summary Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main result of this section is that within the translationally invariant setting universal sets of interactions cannot exist. These results are based on the following Lemma involving Casimir operators, i.e., operators which commute with every element of the Lie algebra [12,13]:…”

Section: Simulations In Spin Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum simulations under translational symmetry

2007

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We investigate the power of quantum systems for the simulation of Hamiltonian time evolutions on a cubic lattice under the constraint of translational invariance. Given a set of translationally invariant local Hamiltonians and short range interactions we determine time evolutions which can and those that can not be simulated. Whereas for general spin systems no finite universal set of generating interactions is shown to exist, universality turns out to be generic for quadratic bosonic and fermionic nearest-neighbor interactions when supplemented by all translationally invariant onsite Hamiltonians.

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“…[11], que foi utilizada no desenvolvimento do modelo de quarks, em especial o SU(N), responsável por gerar os padrões observados nas tabelas de partículas. Prótons e nêutrons são partículas muito parecidas, com massas muito próximas, diferindo por suas cargas elétricas, de modo que elas foram interpretadas como manifestações de uma mesma partícula, chamada núcleon, situação análoga aos dois estados de um elétron (spin para baixo e spin para cima).…”

Section: Su(2): Partículas Com Dois Sabores De Quarksunclassified

Modelo de quarks e sistemas multiquarks

Silva

Natti

2007

Rev. Bras. Ensino Fís.

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A descoberta de muitas partículas, especialmente nos anos 50, com o surgimento de novos aceleradores, causou a busca por um modelo que descrevesse de forma simplificada o conjunto de partículas conhecidas. O modelo de quarks, baseado nas estruturas matemáticas da teoria de grupos, forneceu no início dos anos 60 uma descrição simplificada da matéria hadrônica conhecida, propondo que três partículas, chamadas quarks, dariam origem a todos os hádrons observados. Este modelo foi capaz de prever a existência de partículas posteriormente detectadas, confirmando sua consistência. Extensões do modelo de quarks foram implementadas no início dos anos 70 com o objetivo de descrever partículas observadas que eram estados excitados das partículas fundamentais e outras que apresentavam novos números quânticos (sabores). Recentemente, estados exóticos do tipo tetraquarks e pentaquarks, chamados também de sistemas multiquarks, já previstos pelo modelo de quarks, foram observados, o que renovou o interesse na forma como os quarks estão confinados dentro dos hádrons. Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão do modelo de quarks e uma discussão sobre estes novos estados exóticos. Palavras-chave: modelo de quarks, multiquarks, confinamento.The discovery of many particles, especially in the 50's, when new accelerators appeared, motivated the searching for a model that would describe in a simple form the whole of known particles. The quark model, based in the mathematical structure of group theory, provided in the beginning of the 60's a simplified description of hadronic matter already known, proposing that three particles, called quarks, would originate all the observed hadrons. This model was able to preview the existence of particles that were later detected, confirming its consistency. Extensions of the quark model were made in the beginning of the 70's, focusing in describing observed particles that were excited states of the fundamental particles and others that presented new quantum numbers (flavors). Recently, exotic states like tetraquarks and pentaquarks, also called multiquarks systems, predicted by the model, were observed, what renewed the interest in the way how quarks are confined inside the hadrons. In this article we present a review of the quark model and a discussion on the new exotic states. Keywords: quark model, multiquarks, confinement. IntroduçãoDesde a antiguidade, os filósofos já se preocupavam em encontrar os elementos básicos responsáveis pela constituição da matéria. Os filósofos gregos pré-socráticos imaginavam que os diversos materiais do mundo fossem formados pelos quatro elementos fogo,água, terra e ar, como pensava Empédocles (494-434 a.C.), ou mesmo que umúnico elemento básico, por exemplo, aágua, pudesse se transformar em qualquer coisa, conforme imaginava Tales de Mileto (624-548 a.C.). Demócrito (460-370 a.C.) formulou a idéia de que todos os corpos são formados por pequenas unidades fundamentais,às quais ele atribuiu o nome deátomos.Em 1808, John Dalton (1766-1844) propôs um modelo atômico, no qual...

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The Basic Framework

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Classical distinguishability as an operational measure of polarization

Classical distinguishability as an operational measure of polarization

Quantum simulations under translational symmetry

Modelo de quarks e sistemas multiquarks

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