The basics of prescribing infant formulas

Owens, C.J.W.; Labuschagne, I.L.; Lombard, Martani J

doi:10.1080/20786204.2012.10874170

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…*Regression coefficients significantly differ from zero (P < 0.05). cessors, especially for the production of formula for infants with allergies to CN and whey protein fractions in milk (Owens et al, 2012). Results from the present study may also help infant formula processors select milk that is naturally higher in the sought-after protein or FAA profile, thereby minimizing the requirement for protein and FAA additives.…”

Section: Decision Support Toolmentioning

confidence: 76%

Cow and environmental factors associated with protein fractions and free amino acids predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy in bovine milk

McDermott

Marchi

Berry

et al. 2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective of the present study was to identify the factors associated with both the protein composition and free amino acid (FAA) composition of bovine milk predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Milk samples were available from 7 research herds and 69 commercial herds. The spectral data from the research herds comprised 94,286 separate morning and evening milk samples; the spectral data from the commercial herds comprised 40,260 milk samples representing a composite sample of both the morning and evening milkings. Mid-infrared spectroscopy prediction models developed in a previous study were applied to all spectra. Factors associated with the predicted protein and FAA composition were quantified using linear mixed models. Factors considered in the model included the fixed effects of calendar month of the test, milking time (i.e., morning, evening, or both combined), parity (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and ≥6), stage of lactation, the interaction between parity and stage of lactation, breed proportion of the cow (Friesian, Jersey, Norwegian Red, Montbéliarde, and other), and both the general heterosis and recombination coefficients of the cow. Contemporary group as well as both within- and across-lactation permanent environmental effects were included in all models as random effects. Total proteins (i.e., total casein, CN; total whey; and total β-lactoglobulin) and protein fractions (with the exception of α-lactalbumin) decreased postcalving until 36 to 65 days in milk and increased thereafter. After adjusting the statistical model for differences in crude protein content and milk yield separately, irrespective of stage of lactation, younger animals produced more total proteins (i.e., total CN, total whey, and total β-lactoglobulin) as well as more total FAA, Glu, and Asp than their older contemporaries. The concentration of all protein fractions (except β-CN) in milk was greatest in the evening milk, even after adjusting for differences in the crude protein content of the milk. Relative to a purebred Holstein cow, Jersey cows, on average, produced a greater concentration of all CN fractions but less total FAA, Glu, Gly, Asp, and Val in milk. Relative to their respective purebred parental average, first-cross cows produced more total CN and more β-CN. Results from the present study indicate that many cow-level factors, as well as other factors, are associated with protein composition and FAA composition of bovine milk.

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Section: Decision Support Toolmentioning

confidence: 76%

Cow and environmental factors associated with protein fractions and free amino acids predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy in bovine milk

McDermott

Marchi

Berry

et al. 2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…3 In some cases, mothers are unwilling to breastfeed their infants because of their busy work schedule, because of some medical conditions, or due to breastfeeding difficulties. 2,4,5 It is very critical to select the suitable formula based on the infant’s medical condition and the infant’s individual needs, after all formula milk is not as adequately safe as natural breast milk. 4,6 Due to the large number of advertisements for infant formulas, and due to the various types of formulas that are widely available in the Saudi market, the appropriate choice of formula has been very difficult and confusing to both parents and physicians.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,4,5 It is very critical to select the suitable formula based on the infant’s medical condition and the infant’s individual needs, after all formula milk is not as adequately safe as natural breast milk. 4,6 Due to the large number of advertisements for infant formulas, and due to the various types of formulas that are widely available in the Saudi market, the appropriate choice of formula has been very difficult and confusing to both parents and physicians. 7,8 This study was conducted on the most commonly available milk formulas to evaluate the nutritional adequacy and the safety of each formula and to compare between these formula brands accordingly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Nutritional Values of Infant Formulas Available in Saudi Arabia

Almazrooy

Alturki

Aljohani

et al. 2017

Global Pediatric Health

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Introduction. Optimum growth and development are best achieved by breastfeeding, which is the safest source for infant feeding. Mothers in Saudi Arabia start to breastfeed their infants but soon introduce formula brands. Objective. To assess the safety and nutritional adequacy of the oldest formula brands available in the Saudi market. Methods. An observational study has compared between 5 types of infant formula brands; they were chosen based on their international popularity. Also, they are considered as the oldest formula brands available in the Saudi market. The contents of all the included formulas were carefully collected from their containers. The collected data were compared with the global standard requirements for infant formulas according to the guidelines. Results. All the infant formula brands had their contents within the optimal range as stated by the ESPGHAN (European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition) guidelines. Some formulas did not provide elements like fluoride and nucleotides. Moreover, the mandatory elements and the most dominant ingredient in each formula were documented. Discussion. According to the results of our study, all included formula brands are considered safe and nutritionally adequate. By assuming that the elements that were not found in some brands meant an abnormal value, Bebelac and Liptomil are the most suitable infant formulas available in the Saudi market. Conclusions. Adequate nutrition during infancy is essential in each health organization. The nutritional status of infants should be studied to achieve lifelong health and well-being. All formula brands in this study were found to be safe and nutritionally adequate.

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“…Breast-feeding is the best and safest way for feeding infants and results in optimum growth, health, and development of infants. 1 In rare cases, formula milk can be used as an alternative as, for example, in the case of infants with diseases such as galactosemia or lactase deficiency, when the mother has medical problems such as active infectious diseases, or if the mother is unwilling to breast-feed her child 1,2 because of her busy work schedule or because of difficulties in breast-feeding. 3 Actually, in Iraq, most mothers prefer to feed their infants with formula milk rather than breast milk, and thus, feeding using formula milk is very common practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 However, formula milk is not as safe as breast milk, 5 so it is important to select a suitable infant formula based on the infant’s individual needs and medical condition. 2 There are a wide variety of available formulas in the market; such diversity is confusing to both parents and physicians, 6 which renders the decision of choosing the best formula more difficult. Besides, advertisement for formula milk not only in the form of physician-targeted promotion, 7 but also in illegal forms, such as direct-to-consumer (mothers) advertisement, which is allowed in developing countries, 8,9 may further complicate the scientific decision 10 of choosing the best formula milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison Among Commonly Available Infant Formula Milks in the Iraqi Market

Mikhael

2015

Global Pediatric Health

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Breast-feeding is the best method of feeding infants. In some cases, formula milk can be a suitable alternative, so this study aimed to compare the safety and nutritional adequacy of commonly available formula milks in the Iraqi market. An observational study for the commonly available formula milks was conducted in the largest supermarkets of Baghdad, Iraq, during January-March 2015. The macronutrient and micronutrient contents as presented in the label of each type of formula milk was compared with the standard requirement of formula milk according to the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines. Dielac formula milk is the commonest formula milk in the Iraqi market, with the lowest price when compared with other formula milks. All infant formula milks (Similac, Guigoz, and S-26 Gold) except Dielac have the mandatory contents within the specified ranges, according to the ESPGHAN guidelines. Dielac lacks more than 1 of the major mandatory contents besides lacking all optional contents in its formula. Guigoz formula milk lacks the optional ingredients arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and nucleotides. Similac milk was supplemented with a higher-than-specified level of nucleotides, and its l-carnitine contents were not declared. Only S26 Gold formula milk contained all mandatory and optional ingredients within the specified range, according to the ESPGHAN guidelines. In conclusion, no formula milk can resemble breast milk; however, S26 Gold formula milk is the most acceptable formula, and Dielac formula milk is the worst. Therefore, it is recommended that Dielac be withdrawn from the Iraqi market.

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The basics of prescribing infant formulas

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

Cow and environmental factors associated with protein fractions and free amino acids predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy in bovine milk

Cow and environmental factors associated with protein fractions and free amino acids predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy in bovine milk

Comparison of the Nutritional Values of Infant Formulas Available in Saudi Arabia

Comparison Among Commonly Available Infant Formula Milks in the Iraqi Market

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