This article highlights Juan Ruiz's use of contradiction and parody to subvert authoritative social and textual constructs of the fourteenth century. A specific examination of the various contradictory elements of the epic battle between Flesh/Lent (Carnal/Cuaresma) demonstrates how Juan Ruiz transgresses the boundaries of hegemonic sensibilities to maintain a more complex expression of the populist influences on his text. Using Antonio Gramsci's theory of the national-popular, the perceived clash of popular and formal spirituality is rendered intelligible, permitting the reader to understand that ideology is both a product of the ruling classes and influenced by a multivocal society.The Libro de buen amor (LBA) demonstrates a mastery of convention and, at the same time, challenges authority. On the surface, it is both a colourful and celebratory romp through the academic and religious milieux of the fourteenth century and a parody of well-established literary traditions. On a second level, the LBA transmits a profound belief system through its erudite discourse on the most important theological debates of the day: the morality of intention, the question of individual discernment, confessional jurisdiction, and the elements of penance. The author, known as Juan Ruiz, approaches each of these issues with a combination of reverence and derision.