The Behavior of Children in School Who Were Severely Malnourished in the First Two Years of Life

Sa, Richardson; Hg, Birch; Grabie, E; Yoder, Kevin A.

doi:10.2307/2136764

Cited by 50 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This scale was derived from a 30-item teacher questionnaire modeled after one used by Richardson et al 26 . Teachers were blind to the nutritional history of the children.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 50-item questionnaire was developed specifically for use in Barbados and was adapted from a scale used in a similar population in Jamaica 26 . Factor analysis, based on data combined for all participants across all three time points, identified a first principal component (Armor theta = 0.86) that appeared to represent household standard of living.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive Impairment as a Mediator in the Developmental Pathway From Infant Malnutrition to Adolescent Depressive Symptoms in Barbadian Youth

Waber

Eaglesfield²,

Fitzmaurice³

et al. 2011

Journal of Developmental &Amp; Behavioral Pediatrics

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Background Depressive symptoms are elevated in adolescents who experienced significant malnutrition early in life. Early malnutrition can also have a significant impact on cognitive functioning, presumably due to the adverse impact of the malnutrition on the very young brain. In the context of a developmental cascade model, we tested the hypothesis that the association between early malnutrition and adolescent depressive symptoms is mediated by the cognitive impairment that ensues from the malnutrition. Method We evaluated Barbadian youth (N=57) hospitalized for moderate to severe protein-energy malnutrition in the first year of life and healthy controls (N=60) longitudinally. The primary hypothesis was tested by multiple regression models. Results After adjusting for covariates, early malnutrition predicted both cognitive functioning in childhood (IQ, p<0.001; attention problems, p<.01; Common Entrance Examination, p<0.01) and adolescent depressive symptoms (p<0.05). Childhood cognitive functioning mediated the association between early malnutrition and depressive symptoms in adolescence (p<0.001). Maternal depressive symptoms were a significant but independent predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms (p<0.05). Conclusions Cognitive compromise in childhood accounts indirectly for elevated depressive symptoms in previously malnourished adolescents, consistent with a developmental cascade model. The direct link between malnutrition and depressive symptoms in adolescence is small.

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“…This scale was derived from a 30-item teacher questionnaire modeled after one used by Richardson et al 26 . Teachers were blind to the nutritional history of the children.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Impairment as a Mediator in the Developmental Pathway From Infant Malnutrition to Adolescent Depressive Symptoms in Barbadian Youth

Waber

Eaglesfield²,

Fitzmaurice³

et al. 2011

Journal of Developmental &Amp; Behavioral Pediatrics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…12 Although the level of such problems declined during the follow-up period, the significant effects of the malnutrition history persisted at 11–17 years of age. This finding is also consistent with an early study by Richardson et al ., 28 who followed 5–10-year-old Jamaican schoolboys malnourished in the first 2 years of life. We have recently identified a higher prevalence of attention deficits in the previously malnourished cohort at 37–43 years relative to controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early malnutrition predicts parent reports of externalizing behaviors at ages 9–17

Galler¹,

Bryce²,

Waber³

et al. 2011

Nutritional Neuroscience

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Objective To determine whether externalizing behaviors are more prevalent in youth who have experienced an episode of malnutrition in the first year of life than in healthy comparison youth. Method Parents of previously malnourished youth and a matched healthy comparison group completed a behavior rating scale when the youth were 9–15 years of age and again, 2 years later, when they were 11–17 years of age. Longitudinal multiple regression analysis was applied to evaluate group differences adjusted for baseline age, sex, household standard of living, and maternal depressive symptoms. Results Early childhood malnutrition was associated with problems in executive functioning at both occasions. Malnutrition also predicted discernibly higher parent-reported levels of aggression toward peers at 9–15 years than at 11–17 years. These findings were independent of baseline age, sex, household standard of living, and maternal depressive symptoms. Problem behaviors in general decreased during follow-up. Conclusion Parents report persisting problems with executive functioning through adolescence in youth who suffered an episode of moderate-to-severe protein-energy malnutrition in the first year of life, while reports of aggression, although more common when this cohort were younger, did not persist at follow-up.

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“…This meth'od of selection obtained 71 matched pairs of index and It is still not clear whether severe malnutrition in infancy causes comparison cases who lived in the same general neighborhood. intellectual impairment despite numerous studies which have This made it unlikely that index and comparison matched cases examined the issue (3-6, 9-1 1, 16,20). There is fairly general would come from widely differing socioeconomic classes.…”

Section: Departments Of Pediatrics and Communiry Health Rose F Kennmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only two of the boys in the most intelligence of school age boys is related to the presence or absence advantaged group had IQ scores that overlapped with the most of severe malnutrition in their infancy, their overall life history of disadvantaged group. Boys with severe malnutrition in infancy, nutrition, and the and economic conditions they have but who are tall at follow-up and have a favorable social back-experienced during their upbringing, This is one of a series o f ground have an average IQ 11 points higher than boys who did reports of a study of Jamaican boys (10,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). not experience severe malnutrition, but who are short a t followup and have a unfavorable social background.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Relation of Severe Malnutrition in Infancy to the Intelligence of School Children with Differing Life Histories

Richardson

1976

Pediatr Res

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Departments of Pediatrics and Communiry Health, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Rerardarion and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, U S AExtract control subjects have been inadequate to control many of the factors known or postulated to influence the intellectual developThe IQ's of Jamaican boys aged 6-10 were associated signifi-ment of children. The inability to obtain adequate controls cantly with the presence or absence of severe malnutrition in suggests that it is necessary to examine an episode of severe infancy, with height at time of IQ testing, and with a measure of the malnutrition in infancy in the context of a child's overall life boys' social background. A multiple correlation coefficient of 0.674 history and determine under what circumstances and conditions was obtained between 1Q and the three factors. Social background severe malnutrition in infancy is associated with mental impaircontributed 0.294 of the variance, height 0.112, and severe malnu-ment at older ages. The selection of which background factors in a trition 0.049. The two extreme groups of boys, i.e., those mahour-child's history are chosen for study must be based on a considerarished, small at follow-up, and with unfavorable social back-tion of what and biologic factors influence intellectual grounds and those not malnourished, tall at follow-up, and with development, favorable social backgrounds had average IQ's of 49.4 and 74.9,The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which respectively (from Table 5). Only two of the boys in the most intelligence of school age boys is related to the presence or absence advantaged group had IQ scores that overlapped with the most of severe malnutrition in their infancy, their overall life history of disadvantaged group. Boys with severe malnutrition in infancy, nutrition, and the and economic conditions they have but who are tall at follow-up and have a favorable social back-experienced during their upbringing, This is one of a series o f ground have an average IQ 11 points higher than boys who did reports of a study of Jamaican boys (10,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). not experience severe malnutrition, but who are short a t followup and have a unfavorable social background. The difference in SUBJECTS A N D METHODS I Q between boys who did and did not experience severe malnutrition in infancy varies under different conditions of height Seventy-four Jamaican boys were selected who had been treated and social background when those are held constant for both in a hospital for severe malnutrition during their first 2 years of life groups. Under the most favorable conditions of being tall (hereafter referred to as "index cases"). The malnutrition was and having an advantageous social history the average I Q of reflected variously in syndromes of marasmus, kwashiorkor, or the malnourished boys is only 2 points lower than those not mal-marasmic kwashiorkor. Evidence of the malnutrition was obtained nourished. Under the most unfavorable conditions...

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The Behavior of Children in School Who Were Severely Malnourished in the First Two Years of Life

Cited by 50 publications

References 8 publications

Cognitive Impairment as a Mediator in the Developmental Pathway From Infant Malnutrition to Adolescent Depressive Symptoms in Barbadian Youth

Cognitive Impairment as a Mediator in the Developmental Pathway From Infant Malnutrition to Adolescent Depressive Symptoms in Barbadian Youth

Early malnutrition predicts parent reports of externalizing behaviors at ages 9–17

The Relation of Severe Malnutrition in Infancy to the Intelligence of School Children with Differing Life Histories

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