The Beneficial Impact of the Black Chokeberry Extract against the Oxidative Stress in the Sublingual Salivary Gland of Rats Intoxicated with Cadmium

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most harmful xenobiotics to which humans are exposed, mainly by the oral route, throughout life. Preventive strategies are searched as low intoxication with this element, among others due to its prooxidative properties, can be deleterious to health and the exposure to it is continuously increasing. Recently, interest has been paid to plant raw materials with a high antioxidative potential to oppose the prooxidative properties of cadmium, such as black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L. fruit), which is rich in polyphenolic compounds. The study was aimed at assessing whether the chokeberry extract may counteract the prooxidative impact of low-level and moderate repeated intoxication with cadmium on the sublingual salivary gland. The investigation was performed on 96 Wistar rats (females), which were treated with a 0.1% aqueous extract from chokeberries or/and a diet containing 1 or 5 mg Cd/kg for 3 and 10 months, and control animals. The intoxication with cadmium, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, attenuated the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidative potential and increased the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and total oxidative status of the sublingual salivary gland resulting in an occurrence of oxidative stress, enhancement of lipid peroxidation, and oxidative injuries of proteins in this salivary gland. The treatment with the black chokeberry extract during the intoxication with cadmium prevented this xenobiotic-caused oxidative/reductive imbalance and oxidative modifications of proteins and lipids in the salivary gland. The above results allow the conclusion that the consumption of black chokeberry products during intoxication with cadmium can prevent oxidative stress and its consequences in the sublingual salivary gland and thus counteract the unfavourable impact of this xenobiotic on the oral cavity.

Avicularin Alleviates Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Mice by Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis through NF-κB Pathway Inhibition

“…AL is a plant flavonoid and quercetin derivative with biological activity. Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols, which are richly present in large quantities in fruits and vegetables . Flavonoids have many beneficial effects that are attributable to their significant antioxidant activity, antiresorptive effects, and scavenging of free radicals .…”

“…Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols, which are richly present in large quantities in fruits and vegetables. 32 Flavonoids have many beneficial effects that are attributable to their significant antioxidant activity, antiresorptive effects, and scavenging of free radicals. 33 Most flavonoids have osteoblast-promoting and osteoclast-inhibiting effects.…”

Atrophy and Inflammatory Changes in Salivary Glands Induced by Oxidative Stress after Exposure to Drugs and Other Chemical Substances: A Systematic Review

“…Pb administration, in doses of 50 mg/kg in male rats, confirmed the oxidative stress changes while the only morphological difference between glands was that of parenchymal atrophy in the SMG versus increased ductal areas in the PG [23]. Cadmium (Cd), found in cigarette smoke, could induce damage to different tissues, including salivary glands, by its oxidative properties [2,26,27]. There are no histopathological evaluations regarding cadmium's effect on salivary gland tissues but biochemical evaluations have shown that Cd could induce oxidative stress with minor differences between studies, depending on the doses and periods of administration.…”

“…6 articles on the effect of chemotherapy drugs on salivary glands [5,12,15,16,18,19]; • 4 articles on the effect of ethanol on salivary glands [6,7,9,20]; • 9 articles on the effects of heavy metals on salivary glands [2,11,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]; • 3 articles on the effect of fluoride on salivary gland [4,10,28]; • 4 articles on the effect of other substances, such as atrazine [29], high protein diet [8], hyperoxia [30], and sodium nitrite [31];…”

Tannic Acid and Tea Prevents the Accumulation of Lead and Cadmium in the Lungs, Heart and Brain of Adolescent Male Wistar Rats—Possible Therapeutic Option

“…These methods should be easily accessible and uncomplicated [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Foods containing significant amounts of antioxidant components can be used in the daily diet to prevent the dangerous effects of toxic metals on the human body [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Tea deserves particular attention.…”