The bias-extension test for the analysis of in-plane shear properties of textile composite reinforcements and prepregs: a review

Abstract

International audienceThe bias-extension test is a rather simple experiment aiming to determine in-plane shear properties of textile composite reinforcements. However the mechanics during the test involves fibrous material at large shear strains and large rotations of the fibres. Several aspects are still being studied and are not yet modeled in a consensual manner. The standard analysis of the test is based on two assumptions: inextensibility of the fibers and rotations at the yarn crossovers without slippage. They lead to the development of zones with constant fibre orientations proper to the bias-extension test. Beyond the analysis of the test within these basic assumptions, the paper presents studies that have been carried out on the lack of verification of these hypothesis (slippage, tension in the yarns, effects of fibre bending). The effects of temperature, mesoscopic modeling and tension locking are also considered in the case of the bias-extension test

Towards comprehensive characterisation and modelling of the forming and wrinkling mechanics of engineering fabrics

“…The uniaxial bias extension (UBE) test is typically used to measure the shear compliance of engineering fabrics and prepregs (Boisse et al, 2016;Cao et al, 2008;Harrison et al, 2012Harrison et al, , 2008Machado et al, 2016). In this investigation it will also be employed to identify both the in-plane bending stiffness (D'Agostino et al, 2015;Dell'Isola and Steigmann, 2014;Ferretti et al, 2014;Giorgio et al, 2016;Harrison, 2016;Scerrato et al, 2016;Turco et al, 2016) and the torsional stiffness of the sheared fabric (Lomov and Verpoest, 2006;Steigmann and Dell'Isola, 2015) by monitoring the sample kinematics, including the shear angle at the centre of the specimen (D'Agostino et al, 2015;Ferretti et al, 2014;Harrison, 2016) and the out-of-plane wrinkling behaviour (Arnold et al, 2016;Boisse et al, 2011;Cherouat and Billoët, 2001;Dangora et al, 2015;Harrison, 2016;ten Thije and Akkerman, 2009;Thompson et al, 2016).…”

“…The UBE test has been discussed extensively in the literature (Boisse et al, 2016;Cao et al, 2008;Harrison et al, 2008;Machado et al, 2016) and involves clamping a piece of biaxial fabric such that the warp and weft tows are orientated initially at +/-45 o to the direction of the applied tensile force. The sample's length / width ratio ( = ) ⁄ , must be at least two.…”

“…• the tensile stiffness in each of the two fibre directions (Boisse et al, 2001;Potluri and Thammandra, 2007) • the fabric shear stiffness (resistance to trellis shear) (Boisse et al, 2016;Cao et al, 2008;Harrison et al, 2012Harrison et al, , 2008 • the out-of-plane bending stiffness in each of the two fibre directions (Cooper, 1960;de Bilbao et al, 2010;Harrison, 2016;Hu, 2004;ISO, 1998;Lammens et al, 2014;Lomov et al, 2003;Peirce, 1930;Plaut, 2015) • the in-plane bending stiffness in each of the two fibre directions (D'Agostino et al, 2015;Dell'Isola and Steigmann, 2014;Ferretti et al, 2014;Giorgio, 2016;Giorgio et al, 2016;Harrison, 2016;Scerrato et al, 2016;Steigmann and Dell'Isola, 2015;Turco et al, 2016) • the torsional stiffness in each of the two fibre directions (Cooper, 1960;D'Agostino et al, 2015;Giorgio, 2016;Giorgio et al, 2016;Lomov and Verpoest, 2006;Steigmann and Dell'Isola, 2015) • inter-ply and tool-ply friction (Sachs et al, 2014) • the thickness of the sheet (Chen and Ye, 2006;Pazmino et al, 2014) In this investigation, experimental identification of the shear stiffness, out-of-plane bending, in-plane bending and torsional stiffness is demonstrated using just two simple tests; a cantilever bending test (Cooper, 1960;Harrison, 2016;…”

The influence of yarn fineness and number of yarn layers on in-plane shear properties of 3-D woven fabric

“…The bias-extension test is a mechanical test very wellknown in the field of woven composite manufacturing and is used for in-plane shear characterization of woven fabrics. 16,[25][26][27][28][29][30] This test is performed on a rectangular sample, where the fibers in warp and weft directions are initially oriented at +45 from the load direction (see Figure 8). The ratio l between the length H and width W of the sample should not be smaller than 2 (l ¼ H/W) to obtain pure shear in the center of the sample.…”

Influence of specimen pre-shear and wrinkling on the accuracy of uniaxial bias extension test results

“…Typically, the uniaxial bias extension (UBE) test is used to measure the shear stiffness of both apparel (Cooper, 1963) and engineering fabrics, such as glass, carbon and aramid fabric (Boisse et al, 2016;Cao et al, 2008;Harrison et al, 2008). Test results are used to determine the shear-related constitutive parameters of engineering fabric models (Boisse et al, 2011;Gong et al, 2016;Harrison et al, 2017).…”