The biochemistry of rumen protozoa. 5. The nitrogen metabolism of <i>Entodinium</i>

Various factors influencing the life of rumen protozoa, Entodinium species, were studied.Optimal conditions for entodinial survival were determined for the following factors : Temperature, 38-40°; pH, 6.0-7.0; redox potential, -250 to -400 mV ; osmotic pressure , 0.7-1.0% NaCI equivalent.The influence of various compounds formed by rumen microorganisms was examined and toxic levels were found; ammonia had a harmful effect on the protozoa above the level of 3 mmol/100 ml; methylamine, histamine, and formate above 10 mmol/100 ml; methanol and ethanol above 30 mmol/100 ml. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, and lactate had no deleterious effect within the limits tested.In addition, the influence of antibiotics is described.One hundred and thirty years have passed since rumen protozoa were discovered, and a number of studies have been made particularly regarding the nutrition and physiology of the host animal ; information from these studies was systematically summarized by HUNGATE (1). It is generally accepted that the protozoa participate in the digestion inn the rumen and that the bodies of the protozoa are an important source of protein for the ruminant.However, knowledge is incomplete as to the exact role played by these protozoa, incomplete as to the significance of these organisms for the host. Further investigation into the biochemistry of rumenn protozoa has been hampered in a large part due to the lack of pure cultures.Many attempts to cultivate rumen protozoa in vitro have been made inn the last hundred years. Since the first notable advance made by HUNGATE (2, 3), who cultured oertain oligotrich species for over a year, various investigators have been successful in maintaining several genera of oligotrich andd holotrich protozoa outside the host for extended periods. However, the populationn densities reported have been low, compared with those in the rumen, and the 305

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“…Entodinia were more resistant to acidity than were other types of rumen protozoa, as observed by ABOU AKKADA et al (8).…”

Section: Rumenmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Production of ammonia by rumen protozoa, including entodinia, has been reported by different investigators (11,12).…”

Section: Effect Of Various Compounds Formed By Rumen Microbes Upon Enmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Cultivation of Rumen Oligotrich Protozoa

Hind

Kametaka

Kandatsu

1973

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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“…276). The supernatant fluid was removed by suction and the greenish residue resuspended in half the original volume of buffer solution (Abou Akkada 8z Howard, 1960). The suspension was centrifuged as before and the residue discarded.…”

Section: A J Wicken a N D B H Howardmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Taxonomic Status of 'Quin's Oval' Organisms

Wicken

Howard

1967

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARYPurified suspensions of the sheep rumen organism known colloquially as ' Quin's oval' were prepared from sheep rumen liquor. The chemical composition of cell walls prepared from the organisms of these suspensions was found to include protein, lipid and polysaccharide. A fraction from these walls, obtained after removal of much of the protein and polysaccharide, was shown to contain muramic acid, glucosamine and diaminopimelic acid. These findings are consistent with this organism being regarded as a Gramnegative bacterium.

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“…Par ailleurs, alors que l'on pensait à l'origine qu'ils étaient incapables d'utiliser (Clarke, 1977 ;Jouany, 1978 ;Coleman, 1980). Les ciliés sont également protéolytiques (Abou Akkada et Howard, 1962). Une population abondante de protozoaires est souvent associée à une concentration élevée en ammoniaque dans le rumen (Jouany, 1978).…”

unclassified

Le fermenteur rumen

Thivend¹,

Fonty²,

Jouany³

et al. 1985

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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Summary. The rumen fermenter.The two main pregastric compartiments of ruminants (rumen and reticulum) can be compared to an anaerobic fermenter which allows them to use energetic and nitrogen substrates which are indigestible by monograstric animals. The aim of this bibliographic review is to describe the main features (characteristics) of this fermenter, focusing on the role of microbes (bacteria, protozoa and fungi), on the degradation of cell-wall carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectic substances), on nitrogen digestion and finally on the utilisation of the major minerals and trace elements.

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The biochemistry of rumen protozoa. 5. The nitrogen metabolism of Entodinium

Cited by 65 publications

References 22 publications

The Cultivation of Rumen Oligotrich Protozoa

The Cultivation of Rumen Oligotrich Protozoa

On the Taxonomic Status of 'Quin's Oval' Organisms

Le fermenteur rumen

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