The Biochemistry of Syringomyelia

Brodbelt, Andrew

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13706-8_17

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…CM is one of the most common causes of SM in the dog which is characterized by the development of cavities in the spinal cord containing a fluid similar to CSF ( 13 , 14 ) however SM can develop after any obstruction to CSF channels and has been reported in a variety of disorders ranging from acquired cerebellar herniation secondary to intracranial masses ( 15 – 18 ) to spinal arachnoid diverticulum ( 19 , 20 ) and spinal cord tethering ( 21 ). The terminology of SM is equally confused, with some veterinary papers referring to syringohydromyelia or hydrosyringomyelia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Application of Diagnostic Imaging of Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia

2018

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Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) is a frequent diagnosis in predisposed brachycephalic toy breeds since increased availability of MRI. However, the relevance of that MRI diagnosis has been questioned as CM, defined as identification of a cerebellar herniation, is ubiquitous in some breeds and SM can be asymptomatic. This article reviews the current knowledge of neuroanatomical changes in symptomatic CM and SM and diagnostic imaging modalities used for the clinical diagnosis of CM-pain or myelopathy related to SM. Although often compared to Chiari type I malformation in humans, canine CM-pain and SM is more comparable to complex craniosynostosis syndromes (i.e., premature fusion of multiple skull sutures) characterized by a short skull (cranial) base, rostrotentorial crowding with rostral forebrain flattening, small, and ventrally orientated olfactory bulbs, displacement of the neural tissue to give increased height of the cranium and further reduction of the functional caudotentorial space with hindbrain herniation. MRI may further reveal changes suggesting raised intracranial pressure such as loss of sulci definition in conjunction with ventriculomegaly. In addition to these brachycephalic changes, dogs with SM are more likely to have craniocervical junction abnormalities including rostral displacement of the axis and atlas with increased odontoid angulation causing craniospinal junction deformation and medulla oblongata elevation. Symptomatic SM is diagnosed on the basis of signs of myelopathy and presence of a large syrinx that is consistent with the neuro-localization. The imaging protocol should establish the longitudinal and transverse extent of the spinal cord involvement by the syrinx. Phantom scratching and cervicotorticollis are associated with large mid-cervical syringes that extend to the superficial dorsal horn. If the cause of CSF channel disruption and syringomyelia is not revealed by anatomical MRI then other imaging modalities may be appropriate with radiography or CT for any associated vertebral abnormalities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Application of Diagnostic Imaging of Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia

2018

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“…The most logical mechanism is by obstruction of CSF pathways and reduced intracranial compliance, however, pain may be maintained by a maladapted trigeminocervical complex [78,79]. Syringomyelia describes spinal cord cavitation (syrinx) with fluid similar to CSF [80]. Syringomyelia is associated with obstruction of CSF pathways, and has been reported in a variety of disorders ranging from intracranial masses to spinal arachnoid diverticulum.…”

Section: Proposed Contributory Pathophysiology In Brachycephalymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Syringomyelia9.4.1. CharacteristicsSyringomyelia describes spinal cord cavitation (syrinx) with fluid similar to CSF[80]. Syringomyelia is associated with obstruction of CSF pathways, and has been reported in a variety of disorders ranging from intracranial masses to spinal arachnoid diverticulum.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Need for Head Space: Brachycephaly and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders

Rusbridge

Knowler

2021

Life

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Brachycephalic dogs remain popular, despite the knowledge that this head conformation is associated with health problems, including airway compromise, ocular disorders, neurological disease, and other co-morbidities. There is increasing evidence that brachycephaly disrupts cerebrospinal fluid movement and absorption, predisposing ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, quadrigeminal cistern expansion, Chiari-like malformation, and syringomyelia. In this review, we focus on cerebrospinal fluid physiology and how this is impacted by brachycephaly, airorhynchy, and associated craniosynostosis.

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The Biochemistry of Syringomyelia

Cited by 2 publications

References 110 publications

Clinical Application of Diagnostic Imaging of Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia

Clinical Application of Diagnostic Imaging of Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia

The Need for Head Space: Brachycephaly and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders

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