“…[32,43,58,59] The ''graft-to'' method involves (i) the preparation of polymers containing nonfouling and adhesive groups, such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) groups [24,60] and polylysine segments, [61] and (ii) the direct attachment of the polymers onto the surface. pSB and pCB have been grafted to or from surfaces via several common adhesive linkers, including thiols for a gold surface, [43,45,47,50,51,62,63] silanes for a glass surface, [64] hydrophobic moieties for a hydrophobic surface, [41,65,66] or DOPA for various surfaces, [67,68] or via interpenetrating networks (IPNs) into polyurethane (SPU) matrices. [69] pSB-based hydrogels have also been prepared.…”