The biologic effects of bacterial endotoxin: A short review

Culbertson, Roger; Osburn, Bennie

doi:10.1007/bf02278476

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…They are isolated mostly with 2 methods: by extraction in trichloroacetic acid (TCA), followed by precipitation with acetone according to Boivin et al [37], and by phenol-water (P-W) extraction according to Westphal et al [38]. The injection of endotoxin produced by P. agglomerans or other Gram-negative bacteria into experimental animals causes a wide spectrum of nonspecific pathophysiological reactions, such as fever, changes in white blood cell counts, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, shock and death [39]. The first characteristics of the biological activity of endotoxins isolated from P. agglomerans was presented by Dutkiewicz in 1976 [31].…”

Section: Dust-borne Endotoxins and Allergens Of Pantoea Agglomerans -mentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>: a marvelous bacterium of evil and good. Part I. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on cotton dust

Dutkiewicz¹,

Maćkiewicz²,

Lemieszek³

et al. 2015

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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The ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium Pantoea agglomerans (synonyms: Enterobacter agglomerans, Erwinia herbicola) is known both as an epiphytic microbe developing on the surface of plants, and as an endophytic organism living inside the plants. The bacterium also occurs abundantly in plant and animal products, in the body of arthropods and other animals, in water, soil, dust and air, and occasionally in humans. From the human viewpoint, the role of this organism is ambiguous -both deleterious and beneficial: on one side it causes disorders in people exposed to inhalation of organic dusts and diseases of crops, and on the other it produces substances effective in the treatment of cancer and other diseases of humans and animals, suppresses the development of various plant pathogens, promotes plant growth, and appears as a potentially efficient biofertilizer and bioremediator. P. agglomerans has been identified as a predominant bacterium on cotton plants grown worldwide, usually as an epiphyte, rarely as pathogen. It is particularly numerous on cotton bract after senescence. During the processing of cotton in mills, bacteria and their products are released with cotton dust into the air and are inhaled by workers, causing respiratory and general disorders, usually defined as byssinosis. The most adverse substance is endotoxin, a heteropolymer macromolecule present in the outermost part of the cell wall, consisting of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a major constituent, phospholipids and protein. Numerous experiments carried out in last quarter of 20th century on laboratory animals and human volunteers supported convincing evidence that the inhaled endotoxin produced by P. agglomerans causes numerous pathologic effects similar to those elicited by cotton dust, such as the influx of free lung cells into airways and activation of alveolar macrophages which secrete mediators (prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor, interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor) that cause the accumulation of platelets in pulmonary capillaries, initiating acute and chronic inflammation, resulting in endothelial cell damage and extravasation of cells and fluids into the lung interstitium. These changes cause bronchoconstriction, the decrement of lung function expressed as reduction of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) and/or diffusion capacity, increase in the airway hyper-reactivity and subjective symptoms such as fever, airway irritation and chest tightness. The conclusions from these experiments, performed mostly 20-30 years ago, did not loose their actuality until recently. This was because to-date no other cotton dust component had been identified as a more important work-related hazard than bacterial endotoxin. Although other microbial and plant constituents are also considered as potential causative agents of byssinosis, the endotoxin produced by Pantoea agglomerans and other Gram-negative bacteria present in cotton dust, is still regarded as a major cause of this mysterious disease. Key wordsPantoea agglomerans, end...

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Section: Dust-borne Endotoxins and Allergens Of Pantoea Agglomerans -mentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>: a marvelous bacterium of evil and good. Part I. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on cotton dust

Dutkiewicz¹,

Maćkiewicz²,

Lemieszek³

et al. 2015

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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“…Clinical signs of gram-negative sepsis such as lethargy, yawning, weak suck reflex, circulatory collapse, convulsions and coma (Wenkoff 1973;Koterba, Brewer and Tarplee 1984;Carter and Martens 1986) can easily be confused with some common neonatal diseases of uncertain aetiology, such as equine maladjustment syndrome and respiratory distress syndrome. The physiological effects of endotoxin are multiple and include immunological, haematological, biochemical, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological alterations (Culbertson and Osburn 1980;Archer 1986). Strong evidence suggests that many of these effects are mediated by the host immune system, rather than by a direct effect of endotoxin (Morrison and Ryan 1979;Madonna and Vogel 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemodynamic, pathological, haematological and behavioural changes during endotoxin infusion in equine neonates

Lavoie

Madigan

Cullor

et al. 1990

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of experimentally induced sublethal endotoxaemia in equine neonates. Four foals, between two and five days of age, were infused intravenously with 0.5 μg/kg bodyweight of Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin (LPS) over a 5 h period. A four‐day‐old and a five‐day‐old foal, similarly infused with sterile isotonic saline, served as controls. Clinical signs were monitored, blood samples obtained for evaluation of selected haematological and biochemical parameters; and haemodynamic parameters were recorded hourly during the infusion, as well as 6 and 24 h post infusion. Depression, anorexia, increased rectal temperature, leucopenia followed by leucocytosis, hypoglycaemia, increased prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time (APTT), pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance and mild hypoxaemia were consistent findings in the foals receiving endotoxin. There was marked variation over time in the above parameters, during the infusion. Shock was not induced, and the foals appeared to be healthy shortly after the infusion was discontinued. The return to baseline values of body temperature (3 of 4 foals), APTT (1 of 4 foals) and neutrophil count (2 of 4 foals), during endotoxin infusion, suggests induction of early tolerance. The control foals remained alert and the temperature, prothrombin time and fibrinogen remained stable during the study. Hyperglycaemia, transient increased APTT and variations in selected haemodynamic parameters were recorded in the control foals during the infusion.

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“…The cell wall " O " LPS of gram-negative bacteria are strongly antigenic and serve as the basis for taxonomic classification of gram-negative organisms (42). The lipid A moiety of gram-negative bacterial LPS has been identified as a potent component of the endotoxin molecule exerting powerful, well-defined, toxic effects in infected hosts (17). The waxy cell walls of acid-fast organisms such as the mycobacteria, are instrumental in facilitating the intracellular survival of phagocytized bacteria, leading to chronic granulomatous infections (163).…”

Section: Bacterial Cell Wall Antigensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Future Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies against Bacteria in Veterinary Medicine

Sherman

Markham

1986

Monoclonal Antibodies Against Bacteria

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The biologic effects of bacterial endotoxin: A short review

Cited by 34 publications

References 58 publications

<i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>: a marvelous bacterium of evil and good. Part I. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on cotton dust

<i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>: a marvelous bacterium of evil and good. Part I. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on cotton dust

Haemodynamic, pathological, haematological and behavioural changes during endotoxin infusion in equine neonates

Current and Future Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies against Bacteria in Veterinary Medicine

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