The biological clock tunes the organs of the body: timing by hormones and the autonomic nervous system

Buijs, Ruud M.; Eden, C.G. van; Goncharuk, Valeri D.; Kalsbeek, Andries

doi:10.1677/joe.0.1770017

Cited by 336 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…As suggested by neuroanatomical studies (47,48), the SCN regulates peripheral circadian clocks by direct neuronal input. However, sympathetic inputs from the SCN alone cannot account for all circadian activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Characterization of Peripheral Circadian Clocks in Adipose Tissues

et al. 2006

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Characterization of Peripheral Circadian Clocks in Adipose Tissues

et al. 2006

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“…Regarding entrainment mechanisms by hormones, glucocorticoids play an important role. Plasma glucocorticoid concentration is regulated in a rhythmic fashion via the hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis with contribution of the SCN (reviewed in Buijs et al, 2003). The glucocorticoid hormone analog dexamethasone synchronizes the oscillators of cultured cells (Balsalobre et al, 2000).…”

Section: Synchronization Of the Liver Oscillator By Systemic Timing Cuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of clock genes and rhythmicity in the liver

Schmutz

Albrecht

Ripperger

2012

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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The liver is the important organ to maintain energy homeostasis of an organism. To achieve this, many biochemical reactions run in this organ in a rhythmic fashion. An elegant way to coordinate the temporal expression of genes for metabolic enzymes relies in the link to the circadian timing system. In this fashion not only a maximum of synchronization is achieved, but also anticipation of daily recurring events is possible. Here we will focus on the input and output pathways of the hepatic circadian oscillator and discuss the recently found flexibility of its circadian transcriptional networks.

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“…This presents an enlarged pool of factors within cells and tissues whose function could be compromised by circadian disruption. To add to this complexity, physiological rhythms, including endocrine function, are well documented (12,13). It has been shown that some of these endocrine signals can feedback to modulate circadian behavior and the SCN (14), whereas others, such as the glucocorticoids, modulate peripheral oscillators and have little effect on the SCN (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of circadian clocks has ramifications for metabolism, brain, and behavior

Karatsoreos

Bhagat

Bloss

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

487

380

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Circadian (daily) rhythms are present in almost all plants and animals. In mammals, a brain clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus maintains synchrony between environmental light/ dark cycles and physiology and behavior. Over the past 100 y, especially with the advent of electric lighting, modern society has resulted in a round-the-clock lifestyle, in which natural connections between rest/activity cycles and environmental light/dark cycles have been degraded or even broken. Instances in which rapid changes to sleep patterns are necessary, such as transmeridian air travel, demonstrate negative effects of acute circadian disruption on physiology and behavior. However, the ramifications of chronic disruption of the circadian clock for mental and physical health are not yet fully understood. By housing mice in 20-h light/dark cycles, incongruous with their endogenous ∼24-h circadian period, we were able to model the effects of chronic circadian disruption noninvasively. Housing in these conditions results in accelerated weight gain and obesity, as well as changes in metabolic hormones. In the brain, circadian-disrupted mice exhibit a loss of dendritic length and decreased complexity of neurons in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex, a brain region important in executive function and emotional control. Disrupted animals show decreases in cognitive flexibility and changes in emotionality consistent with the changes seen in neural architecture. How our findings translate to humans living and working in chronic circadian disruption is unknown, but we believe that this model can provide a foundation to understand how environmental disruption of circadian rhythms impacts the brain, behavior, and physiology.cognitive function | neuronal remodeling | structural plasticity | biological clock C ircadian (daily) rhythms in physiology and behavior are phylogenetically ancient and are present in almost all plants and animals (1). In mammals, these rhythms are generated by a master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which in turn synchronizes peripheral oscillators throughout the brain and body in almost all cell types and organ systems (2). Though circadian rhythms are phylogenetically ancient, modern industrialized society and the ubiquity of electric lighting has resulted in a fundamental alteration in the relationship between an individual's endogenous circadian rhythmicity and the external environment. The ramifications of this desynchronization for mental and physical health are not fully understood, although numerous lines of evidence are emerging that link defects in circadian timing with negative health outcomes (2, 3). Animal models have shown that chronic circadian disruption can alter mortality rates in tau mutant hamsters (4) and in aged mice (5). The current obesity epidemic in Western societies has also occurred hand-inhand with a gradual decrease in sleep time and sleep quality (6), and although largely correlative, a potential causal link is plausible. Indivi...

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The biological clock tunes the organs of the body: timing by hormones and the autonomic nervous system

Cited by 336 publications

References 59 publications

Characterization of Peripheral Circadian Clocks in Adipose Tissues

Characterization of Peripheral Circadian Clocks in Adipose Tissues

The role of clock genes and rhythmicity in the liver

Disruption of circadian clocks has ramifications for metabolism, brain, and behavior

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