The Biology of Apples and Pears

Jackson, John E.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511542657

Cited by 205 publications

(198 citation statements)

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“…The average night temperature during April-May (from FB until FB+21) over the 3 years of the experiment (2012, 2013, 2014) was 13.7 • C, 12.8 • C and 14.6 • C respectively. These high night temperatures increase respiration [19,21] and may increase the sensitivity of the fruitlets to photoassimilate deficiency [22][23][24]. As a result, the tree probably needs less MM compared to the "colder" orchards in Europe and the USA.…”

Section: The Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The photosynthesis inhibitor metamitron is a highly effective thinner for ‘Golden Delicious’ apple in a warm climate

Stern

2015

Fruits

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-Introduction. Small fruit size is a limiting factor in marketing apple (Malus × domestica). Several techniques have been used to improve fruit size, among them blossom and fruit thinning with plant growth regulators such as auxins and cytokinins to reduce crop load. Materials and methods. In the present study, carried out in 3 consecutive years (2012-2014), we evaluated the photosynthesis inhibitor metamitron (MM) as a thinner for 'Golden Delicious' apple. Results. MM applied once at 180-225 g ha −1 (150-190 mg L −1 in the form of 0.1%-0.125% Brevis r at 1200 L ha −1 ) at the 6-mm fruit-diameter stage increased dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence, measured as a reduction in Fv/Fm values and resulted in significant fruit thinning. Consequently, the average time spent on hand thinning was reduced from 20-30 days ha −1 to 2-5 days ha −1 and there was a considerable and significant shift to larger fruit size. Discussion. The relatively low effective doses of MM compared to those used in Europe and the USA were likely due to the higher night temperatures for 3 weeks postapplication, which increased respiration and caused assimilation deficiencies during that critical period of fruit development. Conclusion. In a warm growing environment the thinner MM is highly effective on apple, since only one application (FB+7) of relatively low dose (190 mg L −1 MM as 0.125% Brevis r ) is enough for optimal fruitlet thinning.Keywords: Israel / apple / Malus domestica / thinning / metamitron / carbohydrate stress / photosynthesis / fruit size Résumé -Efficacité élevée de l'éclaircissage du pommier 'Golden Delicious' avec l'inhibiteur de photosynthèse métamitron utilisé en climat chaud. Introduction. Un fruit trop petit est un facteur restrictif dans la vente de pommes. Pour contourner ce problème, plusieurs techniques ont été expérimentées, entre autres l'éclaircissage des fleurs et des fruits par des régulateurs de croissance, par exemple auxines ou cytokinines, pour réduire la quantité récoltée. Matériel et méthodes. Dans cette étude étalée sur trois ans (2012)(2013)(2014), nous avons évalué l'efficacité du métamitron (MM) dans l'opération d'éclaircissage du pommier var. Golden Delicious. Résultats. Une application de MM à une dose de 180-225 g ha −1 (150-190 mg L −1 sous la forme de 0,1 %-0,125 % Brevis r à 1 200 L ha −1 ) au stade de croissance du fruit de 6 mm de diamètre a augmenté la fluorescence de la chlorophylle adaptée à l'obscurité, mesurée en fonction de la réduction du rapport Fv/Fm, et a augmenté l'éclaircissage des fruits de façon significative. En conséquence, le temps requis pour effectuer l'éclaircissage de façon manuelle a été réduit de 20-30 jours ha −1 à 2−5 jours ha −1 , et la dimension des fruits a été augmentée de façon significative. Discussion. L'efficacité du MM à faible dose en comparaison aux doses pratiquées en Europe et aux États-Unis est probablement due à la température nocturne élevée pendant les trois semaines consécutives à l'emploi du MM. Cette température a accentué la respiration...

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Section: The Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The photosynthesis inhibitor metamitron is a highly effective thinner for ‘Golden Delicious’ apple in a warm climate

Stern

2015

Fruits

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“…Rootstocks affect the fruiting capacity of apple trees and the quality of the fruit produced (Jackson, 2003). In addition, the crop load influences certain variables of fruit quality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The P16 rootstock inhibits the growth but enhances the fruit quality of "Jonagored" apples when grown under warm summer conditions

Blanco¹,

Mata²,

Lasaosa³

et al. 2008

Span. j. agric. res.

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The production of high quality fruit is the main aim of fruit growers. In areas where summers are warm, high apple quality is often difficult to attain, particularly with respect to red cultivars; colour is one of the main features affecting fruit quality. In vigorous red apple cultivars, the use of very dwarfing rootstocks might help overcome the lack of colouring in the fruit. In experiments performed in 2003 and 2004, specimens of apple cv. Jonagored grafted onto P16 rootstocks were compared to others grafted onto M9 rootstocks; fruit thinning was performed to various extents so that trees carried different crop loads. Under the warm summer conditions of the Ebro Valley, Spain, the P16 rootstock showed very strong dwarfing properties. 'Jonagored' trees grafted onto these rootstocks had shorter shoot lengths and a smaller leaf area than those grafted onto M9 rootstocks. The fruits of 'Jonagored' apple trees are usually large, but in 2004, when the crop loads of the P16-grafted trees were far greater than those of the M9-grafted trees, the fruits of the former were smaller than those produced by the latter, although still commercially suitable. The rootstocks were found to affect several fruit quality variables. The soluble solids content of the fruits of the P16-grafted trees was greater than that of the M9-grafted trees, and negatively correlated with the crop load. In 2003, when summer temperatures were higher, fruits developed a less intense red colour than in 2004, although those from the P16-grafted trees were redder in both years. This difference in fruit colour was caused by the higher anthocyanin and lower chlorophyll concentrations of the skins.Additional key words: dwarfism, fruit colour, Malus × domestica, skin pigments, vegetative growth. Resumen El patrón P16 inhibe el crecimiento y mejora la calidad del fruto en manzanos 'Jonagored' cultivados en climas de veranos cálidosLa producción de fruta de gran calidad, particularmente los cultivares de manzanas rojas, es especialmente difícil en áreas de clima cálido. En variedades rojas vigorosas la utilización de patrones muy enanizantes puede ayudar a resolver el problema. En las condiciones de cultivo del Valle del Ebro, con veranos muy calurosos, se han comparado manzanos 'Jonagored' injertados sobre patrones P16 y M9, durante los años 2003 y 2004, a los que se aplicaron diferentes niveles de aclareo para conseguir distintas carga de cosecha, y discernir el efecto del patrón sobre la calidad del fruto. El P16 se ha comportado como muy enanizante, dando lugar a brotes mucho más cortos y hojas más pequeñas que el M9. El cultivar 'Jonagored' produce frutos de gran tamaño. Sin embargo, en 2004, los árboles sobre P16 produjeron frutos de menor peso medio, aunque comercialmente apropiados, porque la carga de cosecha resultó mayor que los injertados sobre M9. Se encontraron diferencias en parámetros de calidad del fruto: los frutos de árboles sobre P16 tuvieron un mayor contenido en sólidos solubles que los del M9, parámetro que se relacionó negativ...

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“…하는 세포의 팽압을 견디지 못하고 열과가 발생하게 된다 (Jackson, 2003). 과정부, 과경부 및 과점은 압력이 집중되는 구조적 특성 을 갖기 때문에 적도부나 과피보다 쉽게 열과가 발생한다 (Brown and Considine, 1982).…”

Section: 열과 발생의 과정은 직사광선 상처와 큐티클층의 미세 균열 세포의 팽압 등에 의해서 과피에 동녹(Russeunclassified

Occurrence of Micro-cracking According to Bagging Paper in ‘Mansoo’ Pear Fruits

Choi¹,

Yim²,

Kim³

et al. 2015

HST

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This study was conducted to study the factors inducing micro-cracking and determine proper practices to reduce its occurrence in 'Mansoo' pear fruits. Micro-cracking was observed on ripe fruits. Occurrence of micro-cracking was closely related to sun duration time in August. Micro-cracking occurred severely with shorter sun duration, but weakly with longer sun duration and continuous sunlight. Micro-cracking fruits occurred more frequently in trees with a pergola training system than in those with Y-trellis, but there was no difference between the irrigated and non-irrigated groups. While no micro-cracking was observed without fruit bagging, micro-cracking occurred in fruits with black and yellow outer paper bagging at rates of 62.2 and 17.3%, respectively. Our results suggest that the light condition was the most important cause of micro-cracking because the occurrence of micro-cracking in 'Mansoo' fruits was affected by factors including sun duration, trellis system and fruit bag color. We suggested that micro-cracking could be reduced in 'Mansoo' fruit by optimizing the light conditions with the proper trellis system, bagging color and summer pruning.

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The Biology of Apples and Pears

Cited by 205 publications

References 0 publications

The photosynthesis inhibitor metamitron is a highly effective thinner for ‘Golden Delicious’ apple in a warm climate

The photosynthesis inhibitor metamitron is a highly effective thinner for ‘Golden Delicious’ apple in a warm climate

The P16 rootstock inhibits the growth but enhances the fruit quality of "Jonagored" apples when grown under warm summer conditions

Occurrence of Micro-cracking According to Bagging Paper in ‘Mansoo’ Pear Fruits

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