THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 45. <i>Solidago canadensis</i> L.

Werner, Patricia A.; Gross, Ronald S.; Bradbury, Ian K.

doi:10.4141/cjps80-194

Cited by 197 publications

(171 citation statements)

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“…Mean percent cover of non-woody species in 1998 was not significantly different from that in , 1986, 1984, 1978, 1977and 1976. Years with high cover were 1979, 1980, 1981, 1985, or 1987 (Figure 1). These values sug gest that herbaceous cover was related to year-toyear changes in weather or herbivory rather than to a steady increase in shading.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Notes on Succession in Old Fields in Southeastern Ontario: the Herbs

Crowder

Harmsen

Blatt³

2007

Can Field Nat

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Two abandoned hayfields in southeastern Ontario were selected as sites in which to investigate possible effects of insect herbivory on early stages of secondary succession. The location, geology, history of land use, and soils have been described earlier (Crowder and Harmsen 1998). Their nutrient status was discussed by Epp and Aarssen (1988). Estimates of increasing cover and abundance of trees, shrubs and vines (51 species) during 1976-1998 were shown to follow classic suc cessional models, although with unusual pioneer species. After two decades the structure of the vegeta tion had become heterogeneous, with groves of small trees, shrub thickets, patches dominated by macroforbs and patches still dominated by grasses. Cover varied with fluctuations of weather from year to year, while soil differences influenced cover and species richness.Most successional studies on old fields use synoptic records from fields of different ages, a method which obscures minor fluctuations and differences between fields. In this paper, year-to-year observations are used to follow temporal changes in the herbaceous commu nity and to relate its cover and species richness to those of the woody layers. Herbaceous species found in 27 experimental plots are listed to allow comparisons with other areas; lichens and bryophytes are omitted. Differences in soil texture (Crowder and Harmsen 1998) influenced cover and richness.Within the herbaceous community, details of temporal change in selected groups of plants and some specific interactions are reported here. Grasses were the main constituents of the hayfields, including both agricultural and adventives species. Legumes also included sown and invasive species. Invasive macroforbs, mainly Solidago and Aster species, dominated parts of the fields; population changes of 15 species are re ported. Taraxacum officinalis, Dandelion, was selected to represent rosette plants. Sedges, horsetails and a few other minor components are described.During the decades when vegetation was monitored, arthropods were also sampled (McBrien et al. 1983). Two insect populations had repetitive outbreaks which caused significant decreases of plant cover, and are therefore the only arthropods reported here. Larvae of the hesperiid European Skipper (Thymelicus lineola) grazed on grasses, particularly on Timothy, Phleum pratense (Henderson 1986 Vegetation in abandoned hayfields was monitored during 1976-1998. An earlier successional stage followed ploughing. Changes in tree, shrub and vine populations have been reported earlier and showed expected increases in species richness and cover. Highest species richness of herbs occurred three years after ploughing. Non-woody species richness trended irregularly downward, while non-woody cover was variable, peaking in 1987. Within the herbaceous community, year-toyear changes in cover and frequency of species in the following selected groups are reported here: 18 grasses including sown and adventive species; 13 legumes including two sown species; 14 macroforbs of the Compos...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…That both peaks and lows occurred in 1985 shows the small scale of the beetle outbreaks, sometimes confined to a plot 100 m 2 . Outbreaks on a much larger scale have been reported, for example, on a scale of several hectares (Werner et al 1980), and over two hundred insect species have been reported on Solidago canadensis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Notes on Succession in Old Fields in Southeastern Ontario: the Herbs

Crowder

Harmsen

Blatt³

2007

Can Field Nat

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“…Exemplos de abelhas pilhadoras e seus modos de pilhagem são apresentados por Roubik (1989). Ainda existem os visitantes que danificam partes da flor para se alimentar, como fazem alguns besouros (Werner et al 1980). Estes, além de pilhar os recursos, predam as flores.…”

Section: Visita Legítimaunclassified

Quando um visitante floral é um polinizador?

et al. 2016

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ResumoOs visitantes florais são animais que buscam, nas flores, recursos para si ou para sua prole. Às vezes uma mesma planta pode receber um espectro grande de visitantes, como é o caso de espécies cujas flores oferecem muito néctar. Porém, nem todo visitante floral realiza a polinização. Para ser um polinizador efetivo é necessário cumprir alguns requisitos, como: contato com a antera e o estigma, frequência de visita suficiente, fidelidade floral e a realização de uma rota adequada de visitação. Em muitos trabalhos sobre a estrutura de comunidades e, principalmente, sobre a rede trófica (ex. animal-planta), os autores adotam o termo polinizador para todo e qualquer visitante floral, categorizando-os com o mesmo papel e função para a planta. Neste trabalho, relatamos casos de visitantes florais que são polinizadores legítimos e efetivos, dos quais a planta depende de seu serviço para produção de frutos e sementes, distinguindo-os daqueles visitantes que não efetuam a polinização, ou não se tem certeza que o façam. Assim, espera-se ilustrar as diferenças, dando à devida importância e o peso correto para os muitos visitantes. Utilizamos abelhas como modelo, mas a idéia pode ser extrapolada para qualquer outro grupo de polinizador. Palavras-chave: flores, rede de interação mutualista, reprodução vegetal, transferência de pólen, visita legítima. AbstractFlower visitors are animals that generally seek resources in flowers for themselves or their offspring. Sometimes the same plant may receive a broad spectrum of visitors, such as nectar species. However not all floral visitors complete pollination. To be an effective pollinator is necessary to fulfill some requirements, such as: contact with the anther and stigma, enough frequency of visits, fidelity to the plant, and the realization of a suitable route of visitation. In many works on the structure of communities and especially of food webs (animal-plant), the authors adopt the term pollinator for each and every flower visitor categorizing them with the same role and function for the plant. In this work we report cases of floral visitors who are legitimate and effective pollinators of which the plant depends on its service for the production of fruits and seeds, distinguishing them from those visitors who do not pollinate, or are not sure to do so. Thus, it is expected to illustrate the differences, giving due importance and the correct weight for the many visitors. We used bees as a model, but the idea can be extrapolated to any other pollinator group.

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“…In Duluth, S. altissima is one of the last species to bloom, beginning in late August and continuing through the end of the growing season (Pors & Werner 1989). S. altissima is an obligate outcrosser, and it is pollinated by several species of generalist insects (Werner et al 1980). Its seed production is limited by pollinator abundance, and experimental hand pollinations have shown that late-flowering S. altissima has a higher capacity for seed production than those that flower early due to increased resources (Gross & Werner 1983).…”

Section: Solidago Altissima In Duluth Mn Usamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many species have evolved to flower early to avoid the end of the season temperatures, despite reduced time for resource accumulation (Wide´n 1991;Lacey et al 2003). In clonal species, high temporal variation in temperature can result in a range of strategies within a population because plants can persist and reproduce asexually for a number of years between years when they are successful in sexual reproduction (Werner et al 1980). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flowering phenology in Solidago altissima: adaptive strategies against temporal variation in temperature

Hafdahl

Craig

2013

Journal of Plant Interactions

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The evolution of flowering phenology is the result of a trade-off that balances many factors, including growth, reproductive capacity, and temporal overlap with pollinators. When there is large temporal variation in temperature, particularly in the onset of frost, the optimum flowering strategy will vary from year to year. In Duluth, MN, USA, the end of the growing season can vary by more than 30 days. In this study, we observed flowering phenology and pollinator abundance on 15 genotypes of Solidago altissima in Duluth, MN. We predicted that temporal variation in temperature would lead to a range of flowering strategies in the S. altissima population; some genotypes flower early and in synchrony, some 'hedge their bets' by flowering over a range of dates, and others have an intermediate strategy. Our results indicate that genotypes vary in mean flowering date and duration of flowering and, for the two observed years, pollinator abundance was highest for early-flowering genotypes.

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THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 45. Solidago canadensis L.

Cited by 197 publications

References 10 publications

Notes on Succession in Old Fields in Southeastern Ontario: the Herbs

Notes on Succession in Old Fields in Southeastern Ontario: the Herbs

Quando um visitante floral é um polinizador?

Flowering phenology in Solidago altissima: adaptive strategies against temporal variation in temperature

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