The biology of Canadian weeds. 119. <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L.

Small, Ernest; Pocock, T. O.; Cavers, Paul B.

doi:10.4141/p02-021

Cited by 54 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…In addition to divergent breeding efforts and humanvectored transport of seeds, the tendency of Cannabis is to escape into feral populations wherever human cultivation occurs in temperate climates (Small et al, 2003). This, coupled with wind pollination biology and no known reproductive barriers, makes the existence of pure wild native Cannabis populations unlikely.…”

Section: Tests Of Tree Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic and Chemical Diversity inCannabis

Lynch

Vergara

Tittes

et al. 2016

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

132

176

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Plants of the Cannabis genus are the only prolific producers of phytocannabinoids, compounds that strongly interact with the evolutionarily ancient endocannabinoid receptors shared by most bilaterian taxa. For millennia, the plant has been cultivated not only for these compounds, but also for food, rope, paper, and clothing. Today, specialized varieties yielding high-quality textile fibers, nutritional seed oil, or high cannabinoid content are cultivated across the globe. However, the genetic identities and histories of these diverse populations remain largely obscured. We analyzed the nuclear genomic diversity among 340 Cannabis varieties, including fiber and seed oil hemp, high cannabinoid drug-types, and feral populations. These analyses demonstrate the existence of at least three major groups of diversity with European hemp varieties more closely related to narrow leaflet drug-types (NLDTs) than to broad leaflet drug-types (BLDTs). The BLDT group appears to encompass less diversity than the NLDT, which reflects the larger geographic range of NLDTs, and suggests a more recent origin of domestication of the BLDTs. As well as being genetically distinct, hemp, NLDT, and BLDT genetic groups produce unique cannabinoid and terpenoid content profiles. This combined analysis of population genomic and trait variation informs our understanding of the potential uses of different genetic variants for medicine and agriculture, providing valuable insights and tools for a rapidly emerging valuable industry.

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Section: Tests Of Tree Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic and Chemical Diversity inCannabis

Lynch

Vergara

Tittes

et al. 2016

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

132

176

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The outer primary phloem fibers of the stem grow very long in amalgamated bundles, and are supplemented by secondary phloem tissue produced to the inside of the primary phloem and composed of much shorter fibers. Long bast fibers are valuable, short bast fibers are less valuable, and hurd fibers are about half the value of bast [9]. Separation of bast from hurds is called "retting", with several methods for selectively removing pectic substances that bind the bast fibers to the less desirable parts of the stem.…”

Section: Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High quality bast is used along with other natural fibers for a variety of fiber biocomposites for automobiles [14,15]. Hemp has about a 15% market share of the EU automobile biocomposite industry, while about 15% of the total hemp fiber produced in the EU is used for automobile biocomposites [9]. outer primary phloem fibers of the stem grow very long in amalgamated bundles, and are supplemented by secondary phloem tissue produced to the inside of the primary phloem and composed of much shorter fibers.…”

Section: Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High quality bast is used along with other natural fibers for a variety of fiber biocomposites for automobiles [14,15]. Hemp has about a 15% market share of the EU automobile biocomposite industry, while about 15% of the total hemp fiber produced in the EU is used for automobile biocomposites [9]. From a building materials standpoint, hemp and other natural fibers have light weight, high strength to weight ratio, high insulating potential, and are more recyclable than conventional materials [16].…”

Section: Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemp-lime concrete is a mixture of a lime-based binder and relatively inexpensive hemp hurds, and is considered carbon negative [18]. Hemp-lime construction is used throughout Europe, but use of hurds for this purpose competes with the lucrative animal bedding market, which uses about half the hurds produced in the EU [9]. Hurds can be an economically viable alternative bedding for both large and From a building materials standpoint, hemp and other natural fibers have light weight, high strength to weight ratio, high insulating potential, and are more recyclable than conventional materials [16].…”

Section: Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Industrial Hemp in North America: Production, Politics and Potential

2016

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Most of the Western World banned the cultivation of Cannabis sativa in the early 20th century because biotypes high in ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the principal intoxicant cannabinoid) are the source of marijuana. Nevertheless, since 1990, dozens of countries have authorized the licensed growth and processing of “industrial hemp” (cultivars with quite low levels of THC). Canada has concentrated on hemp oilseed production, and very recently, Europe changed its emphasis from fiber to oilseed. The USA, historically a major hemp producer, appears on the verge of reintroducing industrial hemp production. This presentation provides updates on various agricultural, scientific, social, and political considerations that impact the commercial hemp industry in the United States and Canada. The most promising scenario for the hemp industry in North America is a continuing focus on oilseed production, as well as cannabidiol (CBD), the principal non-intoxicant cannabinoid considered by many to have substantial medical potential, and currently in great demand as a pharmaceutical. Future success of the industrial hemp industry in North America is heavily dependent on the breeding of more productive oilseed cultivars, the continued development of consumer goods, reasonable but not overly restrictive regulations, and discouragement of overproduction associated with unrealistic enthusiasm. Changing attitudes have generated an unprecedented demand for the cannabis plant and its products, resulting in urgent needs for new legislative, regulatory, and business frameworks, as well as scientific, technological, and agricultural research.

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Comparing methods for controlled capture and quantification of pollen in Cannabis sativa

2020

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Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) is a dioecious plant, producing male and female flowers on separate unisexual individuals (Sinoto, 1929; Valle et al., 1968). Although both male and female plants are capable of producing cannabinoids in equal concentrations (Valle et al., 1968), female plants produce greater floral biomass than male plants (Ohlsson et al., 1971) and thus are exclusively used in commercial marijuana production facilities. Moreover, after pollination, female plants alter their relative investment in phytochemicals by reducing the production of secondary metabolites like cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids (Pijlman et al., 2005). In the absence of pollen, stigmas on female plants continue to grow and thus produce more surface area on which cannabinoids can be produced (Small and Naraine, 2016). Because of this negative impact of pollination on cannabinoid yield, industrial growers rarely maintain male plants in production facilities, and instead propagate their stock of female plants by vegetative cloning (Flores-Sanchez and Verpoorte, 2008; Decorte, 2010). However, the "mother" plants used to produce clones eventually become non-regenerative and new mother plants are grown from seed, which necessitates pollination (Valle et al., 1968). Therefore, careful consideration must be given as to the most effective and efficient ways to collect pollen for controlled crosses while preventing pollen escape into production areas. Cannabis is anemophilous (wind-pollinated) (Small and Antle, 2003), and therefore relies on air movement for pollen transfer from male to female plants, sometimes across long distances (Small and Antle, 2003). Pollen dispersal mechanisms often reflect pollen ornamentation, as seen in C. sativa's smooth exine layer, triporate (i.e., three aperture) morphology, and low mass-features intended to maximize pollen dispersal distance and chance of successful ovule fertilization (Hesse et al., 2009). The aerodynamic morphology of C. sativa's pollen highlights the difficulty associated with controlling its movement, as any airflow following anther dehiscence can result in pollen movement, a frequent issue when studying dispersal in anemophilous species (Whitehead, 1969, 1983). It is therefore important to determine the most efficient method of capturing windborne pollen upon anthesis, in terms of both the number of pollen grains collected and the time spent collecting pollen. Procedures for controlled pollen capture are typically required in crop breeding programs to ensure precise knowledge of paternity so as to breed progeny with preferred traits (Richey, 1950; Briggs and Knowles, 1967; Allard, 1999). For example, standard methods for maize breeding were established in the early 1900s, with an abundance of literature outlining the procedure for controlled crosses (

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The biology of Canadian weeds. 119. Cannabis sativa L.

Cited by 54 publications

References 11 publications

Genomic and Chemical Diversity inCannabis

Genomic and Chemical Diversity inCannabis

Industrial Hemp in North America: Production, Politics and Potential

Comparing methods for controlled capture and quantification of pollen in Cannabis sativa

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