The biosynthesis of 3-nitropropanoic acid by Penicillium atrovenetum

Hylin, J. W.; Matsumoto, Hiromu

doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(61)80049-0

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These reactions have tempted a number of authors to suggest that a similar incorporation of hydroxylamine might be involved in the synthesis of naturally occurring hydroxamic acids or nitro so or nitro compounds (Birkinshaw and Dryland, 1964;Hylin and Matsumoto, 1960). In this regard, Verstraete and Alexander (1972c) showed that cell-free extracts of Arthrobacter sp.…”

Section: Biochemical Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical Ecology of Nitrification and Denitrification

Verstraete

Focht

1977

Advances in Microbial Ecology

629

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Section: Biochemical Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical Ecology of Nitrification and Denitrification

Verstraete

Focht

1977

Advances in Microbial Ecology

629

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“…First, numerous organic and inorganic substances can be used as N-sources for heterotrophic nitrification (Focht and Verstraete 1977), and an organic carbon source is necessary not only for growth of the organisms, but also for nitrification of at least inorganic N-sources (Hylin and Matsumoto 1960;Verstraete and Alexander 1972b). Concerning the products of heterotrophic nitrification, hydroxylamine is often the intermediate product, and hydroxamates can be the main product (Verstraete 1974); but the final product of heterotrophic nitrification generally is nitrite (Obaton et al 1968;Verstraete andAlexander 1972a, 1972b;Castignetti and Hollocher 1984), although sometimes some nitrate formation was observed in bacterial cultures (Gunner 1963;Verstraete and Alexander 1972a;Castignetti and Gunner 1981;Papen et al 1989), and most fungi mainly excrete nitrate (Eylar and Schmidt 1959;Marshall and Alexander 1962).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterotrophic nitrification by a thermophilicBacillusspecies as influenced by different culture conditions

Mével¹,

Prieur²

2000

Can. J. Microbiol.

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The nitrification activity of a thermophilic heterotrophic bacterium, Bacillus MS30 isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, was studied under various growth conditions. Nitrification was estimated from the nitrogen balance calculations in the culture media. The results showed that this isolate actively nitrified in culture conditions similar to those prevailing in hydrothermal sites. Therefore, its ecological significance was considered. In standard aerobic conditions, MS30 produced nitrite from ammonia and acetate (1.13 mumol NO2-.mg-1 dry wt), but nitrate was never produced, and a low nitrite reduction was often observed. Higher nitrification activities were observed in defined optimal conditions (simple carbon substrate, 65 degrees C, pH 7.5, and 15 g sea salts.L-1). In addition, discrepancies between the optima for growth and nitrification were observed, showing the ability of MS30 to adapt to changing environmental conditions typical of hydrothermal sites.

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“…The formation of 3-NPA is thus associated with the nitrogen metabolism and growth of Aflavus. The route of synthesis of 3-NPA is still in doubt although maximum production in Penicillium atroveneturn was found when the organism was grown on ammonium and a dicarboxylic acid carbon source (Hylin & Matsumoto, 1960). In the same organism it was shown that the synthesis of 3-NPA was stimulated by hydroxylamine and nitrite (Shaw & Wang, 1964).…”

Section: Nitrification I N Heterotrophsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biochemistry of Nitrifying Microorganisms

Wallace

Nicholas

1969

Biological Reviews

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SUMMARY Biological nitrification is mediated primarily by two genera of bacteria, Nitrosomonas and its marine form Nitrosocystis, oxidizing ammonia to nitrite, and Nitrobacter, converting nitrite into nitrate. These are chemoautotrophic organisms since they usually derive their energy for growth by oxidizing these inorganic nitrogen compounds and their carbon from carbon dioxide, carbonates or bicarbonates. The morphology and structure of these Gram‐negative bacteria studied by electron microscopy show numerous intracellular membranes reminiscent of those in photosynthetic bacteria and blue‐green algae. These structures may therefore be associated with the production of ATP. The bacteria are difficult to grow in pure cultures in sufficient amounts for biochemical work since their generation time is around 10 hr. and the yields are only about one hundredth of those obtained with heterotrophic bacteria. Thus in continuous cultures great care must be taken to avoid ‘wash‐out’ of the cells. Since Nitrosomonas and Nitrosocystis produce copious amounts of nitrous acid, which would eventually retard growth, pH stat units are used to titrate the cultures continuously with a solution of sodium carbonate, to hold the pH around 7–8. The respiratory chain which is associated with cell membranes, contains flavin, quinones and many cytochromes linking to oxygen as a terminal acceptor. In Nitro‐somonas‐Nitrosocytis hydroxylamine is oxidized by the electron transfer chain and in Nitrobacter nitrous acid is utilized. The ammonia‐oxidizing system, which in Nitrosomonas probably resides near the cell surface, does not appear to survive cell breakage. During the oxidation of hydroxylamine and nitrous acid by the respiratory chains, a phosphorylation occurs but the P/O ratios around 0–30 are low. There is little energy reserve material in the cells, possibly β‐hydroxybutyrate and some metaphosphates and as soon as the oxidative processes are impaired the cells cease dividing. Chemoautotrophic bacteria have a novel way of producing reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). This involves a reversal of electron flow from reduced cytochrome c to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that is energy‐dependent, thus requiring adenosine triphosphate. Reductase enzymes, nitrate, nitrite and hydroxylamine reductases in Nitrobacter and nitrite and hydroxylamine reductases in Nitrosomonas, have been described. They appear to be readily extracted in soluble form and are probably assimilatory enzymes since 16N labelled nitrate, nitrite and hydroxylamine respectively in Nitrobacter and the last two in Nitrosomonas are readily incorporated into cell nitrogen. It has been suggested that a particulate nitrate reductase in Nitrobacter is coupled to the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate but adequate experimental evidence for this concept has not been produced. Some recent observations with Nitrobacter suggest that it grows on acetate, deriving all its energy and carbon skeletons from this source but the mean generation time for the bacteri...

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The biosynthesis of 3-nitropropanoic acid by Penicillium atrovenetum

Cited by 33 publications

References 3 publications

Biochemical Ecology of Nitrification and Denitrification

Biochemical Ecology of Nitrification and Denitrification

Heterotrophic nitrification by a thermophilicBacillusspecies as influenced by different culture conditions

The Biochemistry of Nitrifying Microorganisms

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