The Birth of “CAT” and Microscale Turbulence

Atlas, David; Metcalf, James I.; Richter, J.; Gossard, Earl E.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1970)027<0903:tboamt>2.0.co;2

Cited by 117 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…Browning and Watkins (1970), Atlas et al (1970) and Browning (1971) confirmed some of the findings in the ocean; the principal end-product of billow turbulence appears to be the splitting of the layer on which the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability grew. The reader is referred to Fig.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 72%

On the splitting of atmospheric and oceanic turbulent billows

Barcilon

Lessen

1978

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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The evolution of a density stratified turbulent shearing layer in the presence of a gravity field is traced from an initial state as a discontinuity in density and velocity to a final state where the Richardson number approaches for a turbulent Prandtl number of unity. For the more realistic case of turbulent Prandtl number greater than unity, a model for the splitting of the initially single turbulent shearing layer into two separate turbulent layers is discussed.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 72%

On the splitting of atmospheric and oceanic turbulent billows

Barcilon

Lessen

1978

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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“…In the field of aviation turbulence, observational studies generally support the hypothesis that clear-air turbulence is generated by the breaking of unstable Kelvin-Helmholtz waves in highly sheared regions of the atmosphere (Endlich, 1964;Atlas et al, 1970;Watkins and Browning, 1973). This hypothesis concurs with evidence that the jet stream contains about three times more clear-air turbulence than the rest of the atmosphere (Reiter, 1963, Section 9.2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Increased light, moderate, and severe clear-air turbulence in response to climate change

Williams

2017

Adv. Atmos. Sci.

104

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Anthropogenic climate change is expected to strengthen the vertical wind shears at aircraft cruising altitudes within the atmospheric jet streams. Such a strengthening would increase the prevalence of the shear instabilities that generate clear-air turbulence. Climate modelling studies have indicated that the amount of moderate-or-greater clear-air turbulence on transatlantic flight routes in winter will increase significantly in future as the climate changes. However, the individual responses of light, moderate, and severe clear-air turbulence have not previously been studied, despite their importance for aircraft operations. Here, we use climate model simulations to analyse the transatlantic wintertime clear-air turbulence response to climate change in five aviation-relevant turbulence strength categories. We find that the probability distributions for an ensemble of 21 clear-air turbulence diagnostics generally gain probability in their right-hand tails when the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is doubled. By converting the diagnostics into eddy dissipation rates, we find that the ensembleaverage airspace volume containing light clear-air turbulence increases by 59% (with an intra-ensemble range of 43%-68%), light-to-moderate by 75% (39%-96%), moderate by 94% (37%-118%), moderate-to-severe by 127% (30%-170%), and severe by 149% (36%-188%). These results suggest that the prevalence of transatlantic wintertime clear-air turbulence will increase significantly in all aviation-relevant strength categories as the climate changes.

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“…Multiple types of radars have quantified GW amplitudes, scales, spectral character, momentum fluxes, and evidence of various interaction and instability processes from the troposphere to the MLT for about five decades (e.g., Gossard et al 1970;Atlas et al 1970;Woodman and Guillen 1974;Sato and Woodman 1982;Vincent and Reid 1983;Balsley and Garello 1985;Fritts and Rastogi 1985;Fritts and Vincent 1987;Smith et al 1987;Tsuda et al 1989Tsuda et al , 1990Thomas et al 1999;Pavelin et al 2001;Luce et al 2008). Rayleigh and resonance lidars have likewise contributed to the definition of GW properties via measurements of temperatures, winds, and/or metallic species densities from very low altitudes to ~100 km or above (e.g., Chanin and Hauchecorne 1981;Gardner and Voelz 1987;She et al 1991;Whiteway and Carswell 1994;Williams et al 2006;Duck et al 2001;Alexander et al 2011;Lu et al 2015).…”

Section: Ground-based In Situ and Satellite Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE): An Airborne and Ground-Based Exploration of Gravity Wave Propagation and Effects from Their Sources throughout the Lower and Middle Atmosphere

Fritts

Smith

Taylor

et al. 2016

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

162

215

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d. Open access institutional repositoriesThe AMS understands there is increasing demand for institutions to provide open access to the published research being produced by employees, such as faculty, of that institution. In recognition of this, the AMS grants permission to each of its authors to deposit the definitive version of that author's published AMS journal article in the repository of the author's institution provided all of the following conditions are met: The article lists the institution hosting the repository as the author's affiliation.  The copy provided to the repository is the final published PDF of the article (not the EOR version made available by AMS prior to formal publication; see section 6).  The repository does not provide access to the article until six months after the date of publication of the definitive version by the AMS.  The repository copy includes the AMS copyright notice. T he Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) was the first comprehensive measurement program devoted to quantifying the evolution of gravity waves (GWs) arising from sources at lower altitudes as they propagate, interact with mean and other wave motions, and ultimately dissipate from Earth's surface into the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Research goals motivating the DEEPWAVE measurement program are summarized in Table 1. To achieve our research goals, DEEPWAVE needed to sample regions having large horizontal extents because of large horizontal GW propagation distances for some GW sources. DEEPWAVE accomplished this goal through airborne and ground-based (GB) measurements that together provided sensitivity to multiple GW sources and their propagation to, and effects at, higher altitudes. DEEPWAVE was performed over and around the GW "hotspot" region of New Zealand (Fig.1, top) during austral winter, when strong vortex edge westerlies provide a stable environment for deep GW propagation into the MLT.DEEPWAVE airborne measurements employed two research aircraft during a core 6-week airborne field program based at Christchurch, New Zealand, from 6 June to 21 July 2014. The National Science 425MARCH 2016 AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY | Foundation (NSF)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Gulfstream V (GV) provided in situ, dropsonde, and microwave temperature profiler (MTP) measurements extending from Earth's surface to ~20 km throughout the core field program (see Table 2). The GV also carried three new instruments designed specifically to address DEEPWAVE science goals: 1) a Rayleigh lidar measuring densities and temperatures from ~20 to 60 km, 2) a sodium resonance lidar measuring sodium densities and temperatures from ~75 to 100 km, and 3) an advanced mesosphere temperature mapper (AMTM) measuring temperatures in a horizontal plane at ~87 km with a field of view (FOV) of ~120 km along track and 80 km cross track. AMTM measurements were augmented by two side-viewing infrared (IR) airglow "wing" cameras also viewing an ~87-km altitude that extended the cross-track FOV to ...

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The Birth of “CAT” and Microscale Turbulence

Cited by 117 publications

References 0 publications

On the splitting of atmospheric and oceanic turbulent billows

On the splitting of atmospheric and oceanic turbulent billows

Increased light, moderate, and severe clear-air turbulence in response to climate change

The Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE): An Airborne and Ground-Based Exploration of Gravity Wave Propagation and Effects from Their Sources throughout the Lower and Middle Atmosphere

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