The Boundaries of Public Diplomacy and Nonstate Actors: A Taxonomy of Perspectives

Self-determinasyon hareketlerinde kamu diplomasisinin rolü: Katalonya örneği

“…Kamu diplomasisi, akademik literatürde geleneksel anlamda devletler tarafından hedef ülke kamuoyunu etkileme faaliyetlerinin bütünü olarak ele alınmıştır (Berridge, 2010;Cull, 2009;Gregory, 2008;Huijgh, 2016;Tuch, 1990;). Ne var ki, son yıllarda popülerlik kazanan ve "yeni kamu diplomasisi" olarak adlandırılan yaklaşım, yerel ve bölgesel aktörler, sivil toplum örgütleri, iş çevreleri ve bireylerin oluşturduğu devlet dışı unsurların benzer faaliyetlerini de kamu diplomasisi kapsamında değerlendirmektedir (Ayhan, 2018;Cull, 2010a;Huijgh, 2016;Kelley, 2009;Melissen, 2005). Soğuk Savaş'ın ardından özellikle devlet dışı aktörlerin hem sayısındaki hem de etkisi ulusal sınırları aşan etkinliklerindeki artış, kamu diplomasisini devletlerin tekelinden çıkarmıştır (Cull, 2010b: 11-17).…”

Transnational youth networks: an evolving form of public diplomacy to accelerate the Sustainable Development Goals

“…Secondly, we should define our understanding of PD as there is a lack of a generalized agreement among academics on the definition and stakeholders involved in it (Ayhan, 2019). According to Gregory (Gregory, 2008), PD entails "an instrument used by states, associations of states, and some sub-state agencies and non-state actors to understand cultures, attitudes, and behavior; to build and manage relationships; and to influence thoughts and mobilize actions to advance their interests and values".…”

“…In this work, we consider PD scope aligned with the view of non-traditional perspectives (Gilboa, 2008;Nye Jr, 2008). This implies that nonstate actors are capable of engaging in PD initiatives whether they intend or not to take part on it (Ayhan, 2019;Carosso et al, 2019b).…”

“…An exception to this is Shaping Horizons which, in addition to having such goals, from its inception it was created to advocate for multilateral PD activities between the UK and Latin America. According to non-traditional views of PD (Ayhan, 2019), both intended and unintended activities that influence the international agenda can be considered within the scope of PD. This is in agreement with the consensus that transnational networks can influence PD and, in fact, maximize the influence of the individuals on them (Haas, 1992;Keck and Sikkink, 2014).…”

“…This is in agreement with the consensus that transnational networks can influence PD and, in fact, maximize the influence of the individuals on them (Haas, 1992;Keck and Sikkink, 2014). In addition, If the individuals involved in such transnational networks are key stakeholders influencing the political agendas of their respective countries, then the influence of such networks on PD activities can be maximized (Ayhan, 2019). Hence, the fact that TYNs are made of influential individuals from a network consisting of a broad range of disciplines implies that their influence to PD can be of considerable magnitude.…”