The brain tissue response to implanted silicon microelectrode arrays is increased when the device is tethered to the skull

Biran, Roy; Martin, David C.; Tresco, Patrick A.

doi:10.1002/jbm.a.31138

Cited by 310 publications

(310 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Often such implantable medical devices attach to the outside or inside of the skull containing electronic signal processing elements connected to one or more electrodes that penetrates the skull to record neural activities in brain, or to stimulate neurons of the brain in a safe and predictable manner [15][16][17]. Recording of neuronal activities of the brain can be in form of LFP as used in ECoG, or neuronal action potentials as used in neuronal microelectrode or microwire [15].…”

Section: Invasive Bci Monitoring Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Brief Review of Brain Signal Monitoring Technologies for BCI Applications: Challenges and Prospects

Morshed¹

2014

J Bioeng Biomed Sci

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Significant strides have been made since 1940s for monitoring brain activities and utilizing the information for diagnosis, therapy, and control of robotic instruments including prosthetics. Monitoring brain activities with brain computer interfacing (BCI) technologies are of recent interest to due to the immense potential for various medical applications, particularly for many neurological disorder patients, and the emergence of technologies suitable for long duration BCI applications. Recent initiatives are geared towards transforming these clinic centric technologies to patient centric technologies by monitoring brain activities in practical settings. This paper briefly reviews current status of these technologies and relevant challenges. The technologies can be broadly classified into non-invasive (EEG, MEG, MRI) and invasive (Microelectrode, ECoG, MEA). Challenges to resolve include neuronal damage, neurotrophicity, usability and comfort.

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Section: Invasive Bci Monitoring Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Invasive electrode tethered to the skull appears to elicit greater inflammatory reaction than free-floating invasive electrode on the brain. This could be as a result of increased micro-motion of invasive electrode on the brain in tethered invasive electrodes as the whole brain moves and float in the cerebrospinal fluid [16].…”

Section: Neuronal Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Review of Brain Signal Monitoring Technologies for BCI Applications: Challenges and Prospects

Morshed¹

2014

J Bioeng Biomed Sci

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“…[7] Additionally, long-term breach of the highly-selective blood-brain barrier (BBB) eventually leads to secretion of neurotoxins that kill neurons proximal to the electrode, thereby diminishing the signal of interest permanently. [12] Contributing factors believed to adversely affect the quality of the electrode-tissue interface in a chronic time window include electrode size, [13,14] density of electrode material, [15] skull tethering mechanisms and associated micromotion of the implant, [16] and mechanical compliance of the electrode itself. [17,18] Considering the aforementioned characteristics, the ideal implantable electrode will be small, soft, mechanically-strong, and have a density similar to neural tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft, Flexible Freestanding Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes Fabricated from Reduced Graphene Oxide

Apollo

Maturana

Tong

et al. 2015

Adv Funct Materials

131

148

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. (2015). Soft, flexible freestanding neural stimulation and recording electrodes fabricated from reduced graphene oxide. Advanced Functional Materials, 25 (23), 3551-3559. Soft, flexible freestanding neural stimulation and recording electrodes fabricated from reduced graphene oxide AbstractThere is an urgent need for conductive neural interfacing materials that exhibit mechanically compliant properties, while also retaining high strength and durability under physiological conditions. Currently, implantable electrode systems designed to stimulate and record neural activity are composed of rigid materials such as crystalline silicon and noble metals. While these materials are strong and chemically stable, their intrinsic stiffness and density induce glial scarring and eventual loss of electrode function in vivo. Conductive composites, such as polymers and hydrogels, have excellent electrochemical and mechanical properties, but are electrodeposited onto rigid and dense metallic substrates. In the work described here, strong and conductive microfibers (40-50 μm diameter) wet-spun from liquid crystalline dispersions of graphene oxide are fabricated into freestanding neural stimulation electrodes. The fibers are insulated with parylene-C and laser-treated, forming "brush" electrodes with diameters over 3.5 times that of the fiber shank. The fabrication method is fast, repeatable, and scalable for high-density 3D array structures and does not require additional welding or attachment of larger electrodes to wires. The electrodes are characterized electrochemically and used to stimulate live retina in vitro. Additionally, the electrodes are coated in a water-soluble sugar microneedle for implantation into, and subsequent recording from, visual cortex. AbstractThere is an urgent need for conductive neural interfacing materials that exhibit mechanicallycompliant properties while also retaining high strength and durability in physiological conditions. Currently, implantable electrode systems designed to stimulate and record neural activity are comprised of rigid materials such as crystalline silicon and noble metals. While these materials are strong and chemically stable, their intrinsic stiffness and density induce glial scarring and eventual loss of electrode function in vivo. Conductive composites, such as polymers and hydrogels, have excellent electrochemical and mechanical properties, but are electrodeposited onto rigid and dense metallic substrates. In the work described here, strong and conductive microfibres (40-50 µm diameter) wet-spun from liquid crystalline dispersions of graphene oxide are fabricated into freestanding neural stimulation electrodes. The fibres were insulated with parylene-C and laser-treated, forming "brush" electrodes with diameters over 3.5 times that of the fibre shank. The fabrication method is fast, repeatable, and scalable for high density 3-D array structures and does not require additional welding or attachment of larger electrodes to wires. The electrodes are characterized electroch...

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“…[1][2][3] Microelectrode implants often fail either due to the chronic tissue response caused by the tethering forces of the wires or their breakage. 4,5 A wireless neural stimulator can solve the problems associated with wire interconnects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-infrared light penetration profile in the rodent brain

2013

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Abstract. Near-infrared (NIR) lasers find applications in neuro-medicine both for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Penetration depth and profile into neural tissue are critical parameters to be considered in these applications. Published data on the optical properties of rodent neural tissue are rare, despite the frequent use of rats as an animal model. The aim of this study was to measure the light intensity profile inside the rat brain using a direct method, while the medium is being illuminated by an NIR laser beam, and compare the results with in vitro measurements of transmittance in the rat brain slices. The intensity profile along the vertical axis had an exponential decline with multiple regions that could be approximated with different coefficients. The Monte Carlo method that was used to simulate light-tissue interactions and predict the scattering coefficient of brain tissue from the measurements suggested that more scattering occurred in deeper layers of the cortex. A single scattering coefficient of 125 cm −1 was estimated for cortical layers from 300 to 1500 μm and a gradually increasing value from 125 to 370 cm −1 for depths of 1500 to 3000 μm. The deviations of in vivo results from the in vitro transmittance measurements, as well as the postmortem in vivo results from the alive measurements were significant.

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The brain tissue response to implanted silicon microelectrode arrays is increased when the device is tethered to the skull

Cited by 310 publications

References 35 publications

A Brief Review of Brain Signal Monitoring Technologies for BCI Applications: Challenges and Prospects

A Brief Review of Brain Signal Monitoring Technologies for BCI Applications: Challenges and Prospects

Soft, Flexible Freestanding Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes Fabricated from Reduced Graphene Oxide

Near-infrared light penetration profile in the rodent brain

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