The Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Due to COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that produces respiratory symptoms and has serious consequences for people's cardiovascular systems (CVS). It is a severe issue and a major task not only for health care experts but also for governments to contain this pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh member of the human coronavirus family to be implicated in this zoonotic outbreak. COVID-19's CV interactions are comparable to those of SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and influenza. Those who have COVID-19 and underlying cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are at a higher risk of serious illness and mortality, and disease has been linked to several direct and indirect CV consequences. COVID-19 causes CVDs such as arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, myocarditis, stress-cardiomyopathy, and acute myocardial damage (AMD) as a consequence of acute coronary syndrome. The provision of CV care may expose health care professionals to risk as they become hosts or vectors of viral transmission. It binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor, causing constitutional and pulmonary signs in the beginning, and then as the infection advances, it affects other organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, CVS, neurological system, and so on. COVID-19 mortality is increased by underlying CVDs comorbidities.

Advances in the Adverse Effects of Covid-19 Vaccination and the Concept of Vaccine Development

“…This should include important contributions to vaccine safety surveillance equipment, improved surveillance of early COVID-19 vaccine recipients and passive surveillance, standardized reporting and pharmacovigilance mechanisms, hospital-based systems to assess vaccinespecific antibody correlates, and cross-reactivity to other strains. All reports of potential severe reactions should be examined, and red flags should be analyzed as soon as possible, to enable the deployment of suitable risk-mitigation strategies and the updating of the benefit/risk ratio of vaccination [102,103].…”

Correlation of Comorbidities and Outcome In cad Patients: A Novel Tangents Score Study

“…The TANGENT'S scoring system is a simplified tool that utilizes eight parameters to assess various types of coronary artery disease (CAD). Established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) include smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, while advancing age and male gender also increase the risk of CVDs (1,2). Recent studies have shown that independent risk factors for cardiovascular events include neutrophil to platelet ratio (NPR) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR).…”

The risk of adverse cardiovascular complications following covid-19 vaccination

“…[13][14][15] Populations with prior underlying disorders are at a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a worse clinical outcome. [16][17][18] Vaccine immunity is known to be influenced by age. Following the first vaccination dosage, serum neutralization and levels of binding IgG or immunoglobulin A (IgA) were lower in older groups, with a significant drop in persons over the age of 80.…”