The carcinogenic initiating and promoting properties of a lightly refined paraffinic oil

McKee, Richard H.; Plutnick, Robert T.; Przygoda, R. T.

doi:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90006-7

Cited by 27 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…There are numerous studies describing the carcinogenic potential of petroleum hydrocarbons, including diesel fuel (Smith et al, 1951;Hueper and Ruchhoft, 1954;Shubik and Saffiotti, 1955;Shapiro and Getmanets, 1962;Saffiotti and Shubik, 1963;Getmanets, 1967;Weil and Condra, 1977;Bingham and Barkley, 1979;Grimmer et al, 1982;Nesnow et al, 1982;Doak et al, 1983;Gradiski et al, 1983;Lewis, 1983;Blackburn et al, 1984;Coomes and Hazer, 1984;Haider et al, 1984;Kane et al, 1984;Karimov et al, 1984;Lewis et al, 1984;Cragg et al, 1985;Blackburn et al, 1986;Dutcher et al, 1986;Karimov et al, 1986;NTP, 1986;Witschi et al, 1987;Biles et al, 1988;Gerhart et al, 1988;API, 1989;McKee et al, 1989aMcKee et al, , 1989b. We have reviewed these studies and selected those that provide relevant data concerning the potential carcinogenicity of diesel fuel and middle distillates.…”

Section: Animal Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 96%

Human health‐based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel no. 2

Millner

James

Nye³

1992

Journal of Soil Contamination

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Soil cleanup guidelines were developed for diesel fuel No. 2 that are protective of human health. Guidelines were conservatively based on a residential land use scenario. This scenario estimates human health risks associated with long-term exposure to site soil via the inhalation, dermal, and ingestion routes of exposure. Lifetime dermal cancer studies were selected as the basis for deriving a safe level of diesel fuel in soil. Soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel No. 2 ranged from 1166 to 11,287 mg/kg for adult or child residents and represent contaminant levels that pose acceptable health risks for both present and proposed future uses of a site.

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Section: Animal Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 96%

Human health‐based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel no. 2

Millner

James

Nye³

1992

Journal of Soil Contamination

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“…Mineral oil preparations low in, or lacking, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons but containing longer chain aliphatic compounds, could act as tumour promoters in mouse skin, following initiation by a single treatment with a genotoxic compound, such as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g. benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) or 7,12-DMBA) (Fisher et al, 1951;Smith et al, 1951;Shubik and Saffiotti, 1955;Horton et al, 1957;Bingham and Barkley, 1979;Doak et al, 1983;Bingham, 1988;McKee et al, 1989). Studies on jute batching oil reached similar conclusions, i.e.…”

Section: Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food

2012

EFS2

107

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Consumers are exposed to a range of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) via food. Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) consist of linear and branched alkanes, and alkyl-substituted cyclo-alkanes, whilst mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) include mainly alkyl-substituted polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Products, commonly specified according to their physico-chemical properties, may differ in chemical composition depending on the oil source. Technical grade MOH contain 15 -35 % MOAH, which is minimised in food grade MOSH (white oils). Major sources of MOH in food are food packaging and additives, processing aids, and lubricants. Estimated MOSH exposure ranged from 0.03 to 0.3 mg/kg b.w. per day, with higher exposure in children. Specific production practices of bread and grains may provide additional MOSH exposure. Except for white oils, exposure to MOAH is about 20 % of that of MOSH. Absorption of alkanes with carbon number above C 35 is negligible. Branched and cyclic alkanes are less efficiently oxidised than n-alkanes. MOSH from C 16 to C 35 may accumulate and cause microgranulomas in several tissues including lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Hepatic microgranulomas associated with inflammation in Fischer 344 rats were considered the critical effect. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for induction of liver microgranulomas by the most potent MOSH, 19 mg/kg b.w. per day, was used as a Reference Point for calculating margins of exposure (MOEs) for background MOSH exposure. MOEs ranged from 59 to 680. Hence, background exposure to MOSH via food in 1 On request from the European Commission, Question No EFSA-Q-2010-00170, adopted on 3 May 2012. 2 SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in Food. Mineral oil hydrocarbons occur in food both as a result of contamination and from various intentional uses in food production. In order to assess the need for possible regulatory measures as regards MOH in food, EFSA was requested to assess the risks related to their occurrence in food. More specifically, the opinion should evaluate whether new toxicity data are available and whether the current acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) are still applicable, explore whether certain classes (or subclasses) of MOH are more relevant due to their toxicity or to differences in the way they are metabolised by the human body, and identify the different background sources, other than from adulteration or misuse, of MOH occurrence in food. In addition a dietary exposure assessment was requested for the general population and for specific subgroups of the population (e.g. infants, children and people following specific diets), by taking into account the background occurrence of MOH in food. Included in the request was also to advise on MOH and food classes to be included if monitoring were to be set up for their presence in food.The scientific literature and other sources were s...

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“…The extensive proliferative changes observed following treatment with the LRPO may be consistent with this view. Indeed, in our laboratory, LRPO was found to have tumor promoting properties in CD-1 mice (McKee et al, 1989). This LRPO had neither tumor initiating activity in mice nor mutagenic activity in Salmonella.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A 90-Day Toxicity Study of the Effects of Petroleum Middle Distillates on the Skin of C3H Mice

et al. 1990

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Petroleum middle distillates (PMDs) elicit skin tumors in mouse epidermal carcinogenesis studies. The response is characterized by a long latency with only a small percentage of animals developing tumors. Although the carcinogenic activity of certain other petroleum hydrocarbons largely depends upon the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many PMDs contain relatively low concentrations of PAHs. PMDs are also irritating to mouse skin, and chronic irritation may be involved in the development of skin tumors. This study was conducted to investigate the patterns of cutaneous irritation elicited by topical application of PMDs having compositional differences. The three PMDs selected for study were a steam cracked gas oil (SCGO), a lightly refined paraffinic oil (LRPO), and a jet fuel (JF). Male C3H/HeNCr1BR mice (25/group) were treated topically (37.5 microliters 2x/week for 13 weeks) with 10%, 50% or 100% (undiluted) concentrations of each PMD. Catalytically cracked clarified oil (CCCO, 10%), a potent carcinogen to mouse skin, was also tested. The vehicle was a noncarcinogenic mineral oil with a viscosity of 90 SUS. Cutaneous changes were evaluated by gross observations and light microscopy. Cutaneous irritation was the only significant toxic response in this study. Neither the vehicle nor any of the 10% PMD concentrations produced significant cutaneous irritation. The 10% CCCO and 50% PMD treatments all elicited slight to moderate proliferative and inflammatory changes in mouse skin. Ulcers were also observed microscopically in mice treated with 10% CCCO and 50% SCGO. The 100% SCGO treatment produced evidence of necrosis on Days 1-7 but not later in the study despite continued treatment. In contrast, the irritating effects of 100% LRPO were not evident until 2-3 weeks of study, and at study completion were characterized by moderately severe inflammatory and proliferative changes. The effects of 100% JF were qualitatively similar to 100% LRPO but less marked. Thus, the SCGO caused a different pattern of cutaneous responses than either LRPO or JF. The possible relationships of these cutaneous changes to epidermal carcinogenesis are being studied further.

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The carcinogenic initiating and promoting properties of a lightly refined paraffinic oil

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

Human health‐based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel no. 2

Human health‐based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel no. 2

Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food

A 90-Day Toxicity Study of the Effects of Petroleum Middle Distillates on the Skin of C3H Mice

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