The Cardioprotective Effect of Protocatechuic Acid on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Abstract

Abstract. Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a phenolic compound and one of the main metabolites of complex polyphenols, has been found to possess various biological activities, and it may have a potential in the treatment of ischemic heart diseases. This study explored the cardioprotective effect of PCA on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms. In an in vivo rat model of MI/R injury, myocardial infarct size, serum TNF-a level, and platelet aggregation were measured. In a primary neonatal rat cardiomyocyte model of hypoxia/ reoxygenation (H/R) injury, the apoptotic rate, expressions of cleaved caspase-3, and phosphorylated Akt were observed. We found that PCA significantly reduced myocardial infarct size, serum TNF-a level, and platelet aggregation. In vitro experiments revealed that PCA significantly inhibited the apoptotic rate and the expression of cleaved caspase-3, and it upregulated the expression of phosphorylated Akt in cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R injury. Our results suggest that PCA can provide a significant protection against MI/R injury, which may be at least partially attributed to its inhibitions against injury induced by MI/R including the inflammatory response, platelet aggregation, and cardiomyocytes apoptosis.

Identification of schisandrin as a vascular endothelium protective component in YiQiFuMai Powder Injection using HUVECs binding and HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis

“…During hypoxia and reperfusion vascular endothelium is a primary site of ROS generation and target of injury. Therefore, cellular models of H/R have been widely used to evaluate the effects of drugs or active compounds (34,35).…”

Effect of oil palm phenolics on gastrointestinal transit, contractility and motility in the rat

“…activates key components of insulin signalling pathways (Scazzocchio et al, 2015) and is protective of ischaemia/ reperfusion induced injuries of the rat heart (Tang et al, 2014) and mouse intestine (Ma et al, 2014). There is little information on the health effects of ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid other than the role of their alkyl esters, or parabens, which have been depicted as having androgen antagonist-type activity (Darbre & Harvey, 2008).…”

Therapeutic and Prophylactic Potential of Morama (Tylosema esculentum): A Review

“…Phytosterol‐rich extracts are known to harbour antimicrobial activities. Stigmasterols and beta‐sitosterols, the main phytosterols present in T. esculentum beans, are known to harbour variable antimicrobial activities (Fukunaga et al ., ; Nejatzadeh‐Barandozi, ; Rijo et al ., ; Sanchez Perera et al ., ; Tang et al ., , ). A study by Rijo et al .…”

“…Phytosterol-rich extracts are known to harbour antimicrobial activities. Stigmasterols and beta-sitosterols, the main phytosterols present in T. esculentum beans, are known to harbour variable antimicrobial activities (Fukunaga et al, 1989;Nejatzadeh-Barandozi, 2013;Rijo et al, 2009;Sanchez Perera et al, 2007;Tang et al, 2014aTang et al, , 2014b. A study by Rijo et al (2009) demonstrated low antimicrobial activity of stigmasterol against S. aureus (62 μg/mL) compared with that for vancomycin (1.95 μg/mL).…”

“…The fatty acid composition of morama beans closely resembles that of olive oil (Mitei et al, 2008), which reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases by 11% (Schwingshackl and Hoffmann, 2014). Components of morama beans, especially the testae, have been shown to be cardioprotective, namely gallic acid (Dianat et al, 2014) as a result of its high antioxidant activity (Ma et al, 2015), PCA (Tang et al, 2014b), hesperidin (Roohbakhsh et al, 2015), rutin , sinapic acid (Zeng et al, 2013), linoleic acid (Farvid et al, 2014), palmitic acid (Fattore and Fanelli, 2013) and oleic acid, by reducing blood cholesterol levels (Lopez-Huertas, 2010). The cardioprotective effects of gallic acid are linked to its high antioxidant activity (Ma et al, 2015).…”