The carrier state in foot and mouth disease—an immunological review

Salt, Jeremy

doi:10.1016/s0007-1935(05)80168-x

Cited by 200 publications

(140 citation statements)

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“…And when, variant (Domingo et al, 2003). Genetic variants also arise population are selected from the quasispecies pool of during persistent infection of animal (Gebauer et al, genome, either in the presence (Borrego et al, 1993) 1988Salt, 1993;Malirat et al, Woodbury, 1995). or absence of immune pressure (Doming et al, 1993; Which give rise to virus population different from Holguin et al, 1997) to circulate in the field, continues to cause infection of As virus is propagated in cell culture and as susceptible host and remained persistence in their replication increase it increased every possibility of host, then with due course of time or probably due to producing antigenic variant.…”

Section: Antigenic Variation In the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic variation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus - An Overview

Longjam¹,

Tayo²

2011

Vet. World

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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals, caused by FMD virus, a single molecule of linear positive sense, with single stranded RNA of size 7.2-8.4 kb. Antigenic variation is one of the striking characters of FMD virus. It is a process by which an infectious organism alters its surface proteins in order to evade a host immune response and is associated with mutation leading to amino acid replacement. These changes may result either in the field or in the laboratory leading to the development of a new strain of virus which totally differs from the circulating field strain challenging the vaccine strains use for controlling the diseases. The high sequence variability found in VP1 region of this virus accounts for the low cross-reactivity observed among different serotypes of FMDV and also due to high degree of antigenic variation may be attributed to different reasons like high rate of mutation, genetic recombination, quasispecies nature of the virus and continuous circulation of the virus in the field, which is a main loophole for severe economic loss in livestock productions.

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Section: Antigenic Variation In the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic variation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus - An Overview

Longjam¹,

Tayo²

2011

Vet. World

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“…In ruminants, an asymptomatic, persistent infection can be established [237] during which virus can be isolated from the oesophagus and throat fluids of the animals from a few weeks up to several years of the initial infection (reviewed in [208]). Both naive and vaccinated animals can become persistently infected [231] and they may do so following an acute infection.…”

Section: The Virus and The Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both naive and vaccinated animals can become persistently infected [231] and they may do so following an acute infection. The mechanisms that mediate this persistence are unclear, but they are likely to result from a dynamic equilibrium between the host immune response and the selection of viral antigenic variants at the mucosae of the upper respiratory tract [103,208]. There is epidemiological evidence to support that carrier animals may be the origin of outbreaks of acute disease, when brought into contact with susceptible animals [115].…”

Section: The Virus and The Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…4) that induce an efficient protection against reinfection with homologous and antigenically related viruses (reviewed in [55,161,208]). Neutralising antibodies directed to well characterised B cell epitopes located on the viral capsid (see Sect.…”

Section: Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early upon infection or vaccination, there is a detectable antibody response in the secretions of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts [97]. The major antibody subclasses found in secretions are initially IgM and then followed by IgA and IgG (reviewed in [208]). However, little is known on the contribution to the protection of innate immune responses in FMDV immunised animals.…”

Section: Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a long known virus, but a current threat

et al. 2001

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-Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was the first animal virus identified. Since then, FMDV has become a model system in animal virology and a considerable amount of information on its structure, biology and vaccinology has been obtained. However, the disease that this virus produces (FMD) still constitutes one of the main animal health concerns. In this review, we have attempted to summarise the state of the knowledge in different basic and applied areas of FMDV research, with emphasis on those aspects relevant to the control of the disease. FMDV / structure / immunity / vaccine / variability / diagnosisRésumé -Le virus de la fièvre aphteuse : un virus connu de longue date, qui demeure une menace. Le virus de la fièvre aphteuse a été le premier virus animal identifié. Depuis lors, il est devenu un système modèle en virologie animale, et une quantité importante d'informations sur sa structure, sa biologie et sa vaccinologie a été obtenue. Cependant la maladie provoquée par ce virus constitue encore une inquiétude majeure en santé animale. Dans cette revue, nous avons tenté de résumer l'état des connaissances dans différents domaines de recherche, à la fois fondamentaux et appliqués, sur le virus de la fièvre aphteuse, en mettant l'accent sur les aspects relatifs au contrôle de la maladie. virus de la fièvre aphteuse / immunité / vaccin / variabilité / diagnostic

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Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease

Belsham

Charleston

Jackson

et al. 2009

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important, highly contagious disease of cloven‐hoofed animals characterized by the appearance of vesicles (blisters) on the feet and in and around the mouth. The causative agent, foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV), was the first mammalian virus to be discovered. It has a ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome enclosed within a protein coat. The virus replicates very rapidly within the cytoplasm of cells. The RNA genome has to function both as a messenger RNA (mRNA) and as a template for RNA replication. The RNA encodes a single polyprotein which is processed, by virus‐encoded proteases , to about 12 mature products which are required for virus replication and assembly. Some of these viral proteins modify host cell activities to block antivirus defence systems. Thus, this small virus displays a remarkably complex array of biological activities. Key concepts Foot‐and‐mouth disease has worldwide economic importance. Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) is able to replicate rapidly in a range of different animals and then spread within the environment. FMDV uses specific cell‐surface molecules as receptors to gain entry into cells. The viral RNA displays diverse activities, as a messenger RNA, as a template for RNA replication and as the genome. The virus‐encoded polyprotein is processed by proteases present within itself to make about 12 different mature products (plus important precursors). Viral proteins are required both for viral RNA replication and virus assembly, in addition, some also modify specific cellular functions in order to block host antiviral responses.

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The carrier state in foot and mouth disease—an immunological review

Cited by 200 publications

References 58 publications

Antigenic variation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus - An Overview

Antigenic variation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus - An Overview

Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a long known virus, but a current threat

Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease

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