The present paper gives a detailed description of the morphology of the karyotype of 11 Cyprinidae and 1 Cobitidae indigenous to Italian inland waters. The data relating to Chondrostoma toxostoma, C soetta, Phoxinus phoxinus, Rutilus rubilio, Barbus meridionalis and Cobitis taenia are new from a karyological point of view; as regards Leuciscus cephalus, L. souffia, Alburnus alburnus, Scardinius erythrophtalmus, Tinca tinca and Barbus barbus the already known diploid numbers are confirmed and the morphology of the karyotypes is specified. The data on the morphology of the karyotype are used in discussing the problem of polyploidization of the chromosomal complement in both the Cyprinidae and the whole order Cypriniformes.