The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key

The cassava mealybug is a clear and present threat to the food security and livelihoods of some of the world's most impoverished citizens. Niche models, such as CLIMEX, are useful tools to indicate where and when such threats may extend, and can assist with planning for biosecurity and the management of pest invasions. They can also contribute to bioeconomic analyses that underpin the allocation of resources to alleviate poverty. Because species can invade and establish in areas with climates that are different from those that are found in their native range, it is essential to define robust range-limiting mechanisms in niche models. To avoid spurious results when applied to novel climates, it is necessary to employ cross-validation techniques spanning different knowledge domains (e.g., distribution data, experimental results, phenological observations). We build upon and update a CLIMEX niche model by Parsa et al. (PloS ONE 7: e47675), correcting inconsistent parameters and re-fitting it based on a careful examination of geographical distribution data and relevant literature. Further, we consider the role of irrigation, the known distribution of cassava production and a targeted review of satellite imagery to refine, validate and interpret our model and results. In so doing, we bring new insights into the potential spread of this invasive insect, enabling us to identify potential bio-security threats and biological control opportunities. The fit of the revised model is improved, particularly in relation to the wet and dry limits to establishment, and the parameter values are biologically plausible and accord with published scientific literature.

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“…The value of 290 degree-days above 16°C used by Parsa et al [23] allowed 11–12 generations to be completed in this region.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential distribution of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti), a threat to food security for the poor

2017

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“…In cassava, the mealybug insect that feeds on the aerial part of the plant, P. manihoti, is one of the most severe pests attacking this crop worldwide (PARSA, et al, 2012), and because there are no effective control methods, nor a registered chemical product for use on cassava, implementing an appropriate and efficient management method is a priority to achieve high crop yields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen fertilization in the contents of secondary compounds in cassava cultivars

Gazola

Zucareli

Ringenberg

et al. 2018

SCA

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The production of chemical substances is a strategy of plants to defend against the attack of pest insects. The synthesis of secondary compounds in plants is influenced by genotype and cultural management, such as the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of doses of nitrogen fertilizer over time on the production of secondary compounds in two industrial cassava cultivars. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse (25 ± 5 °C) of Embrapa Soybean in Londrina, Paraná, with the cultivation of potted plants (4l) in a 2 × 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with five replications. Two genotypes of industrial cassava ('Baianinha' and 'Caiuá') and four different nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha -1 ) were used, with sampling at 15, 30, and 45 d after fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization was performed 50 d after sprouting. In the apical leaves, the levels of rutin, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were evaluated in a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Exploratory analyses were performed on the data variables to verify the assumptions for analysis of variance (ANOVA), such as the independence and normality of errors, homogeneity of treatment variances and non-additivity of the model (they were submitted to analysis of homogeneity and normality, respectively. After these tests, ANOVA and Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05) were performed. For the quantitative data concerning the N rates, regression study analyzes were performed. The Caiuá cultivar was found to have a higher ferulic acid content. The caffeic acid content decreased over time after the application of N in both cultivars. The rutin content in both cultivars did not increase with an increase in nitrogen dose. At a dose of 90 kg ha -1 , both cultivars presented a lower p-coumaric acid content after 30 d. Key words: Caffeic acid. P-coumaric acid. Ferulic acid. Defensive compounds. Manihot esculenta. Rutin. ResumoA produção de substâncias químicas é uma estratégia de defesa das plantas ao ataque de insetos praga. A síntese de compostos secundários em plantas é influenciada pelo genótipo e pelo manejo cultural, como o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados. Deste modo, o trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio sobre a produção de compostos secundários em duas cultivares industriais de mandioca ao longo do tempo. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação semiclimatizada (25°±5°C) da

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“…Kutu putih P. manihoti mulai menjadi perhatian dunia pada saat hama ini secara tidak sengaja terbawa masuk ke Afrika pada tahun 1970 (Nwanze et al, 1979), dan kemudian masuk ke Asia pada tahun 2009 (Parsa et al, 2012). Di Indonesia kutu P. manihoti pertama kali ditemukan di Bogor pada tahun 2010 (Muniappan et al, 2011).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Kutu Putih Singkong, Phenacoccus Manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Persebaran Geografi Di Pulau Jawa Dan Rintisan Pengendalian Hayati

Abduchalek

Rauf

Pudjianto

2017

JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA

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Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Geographic distribution in Java and initiation of biological control. Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Psedococcidae), is a recently introduced pest in Indonesia. Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was imported to control the pest. Studies were conducted to determine geographic distribution of P. manihoti throughout Java, and to evaluate the potential of the parasitoid as a biological control agent. Geographic distribution of the pest was determined through field survey, whereas evaluation of the parasitoid was studied through cage experiment and field release. Our survey revealed that the cassava mealybug has spread throughout Java. Heavy infestations caused shortened and distorted stems, complete defoliation, and stunted growth. In cages containing only mealybugs, all cassava plants (100%) died after two months. Whereas in cages containing both mealybugs and three pairs of parasitoid, rate of parasitization was 25% and plant mortality 20%. Parasitoids released in the field were able to survive, reproduce, and establish under Bogor climatic condition. These might indicate that parasitoid A. lopezi is a potential natural enemy to be used in biological control program of the cassava mealybug. Key words: Anagyrus lopezi, biological control, cassava mealybug, parasitoid, Phenacoccus manihoti ABSTRAKKutu putih singkong, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Persebaran geografi di Pulau Jawa dan rintisan pengendalian hayati. Kutu putih singkong, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Psedococcidae), merupakan hama baru di Indonesia. Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) didatangkan untuk mengendalikan hama tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan persebaran geografi P. manihoti di Pulau Jawa, serta mengkaji potensi A. lopezi sebagai agens pengendalian hayati. Persebaran geografi dilakukan melalui kegiatan survei lapangan, sedangkan evaluasi potensi parasitoid dilakukan melalui percobaan kurungan dan pelepasan di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kutu putih P. manihoti sudah tersebar luas di seluruh Pulau Jawa. Serangan berat menyebabkan batang memendek dan bengkok, gugur daun, dan pertumbuhan terhambat. Dalam kurungan yang hanya berisi kutu putih, seluruh tanaman singkong (100%) mati setelah dua bulan. Dalam kurungan yang berisi kutu putih dan tiga pasang parasitoid, tingkat parasitisasi mencapai 25% dan kematian tanaman 20%. Parasitoid yang dilepaskan di lapangan mampu berkembang biak dan menetap pada kondisi iklim di Bogor. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa parasitoid A. lopezi merupakan musuh alami yang potensial untuk digunakan dalam program pengendalian hayati kutu putih singkong.

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The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key

Cited by 60 publications

References 40 publications

The potential distribution of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti), a threat to food security for the poor

The potential distribution of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti), a threat to food security for the poor

Nitrogen fertilization in the contents of secondary compounds in cassava cultivars

Kutu Putih Singkong, Phenacoccus Manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Persebaran Geografi Di Pulau Jawa Dan Rintisan Pengendalian Hayati

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