The Causes and Consequences of Overactive Bladder

Abstract

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a syndrome characterized by symptoms of urinary urgency with or without urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), usually with frequency and nocturia. OAB affects approximately 17% of women in the United States and Europe. The causes of OAB, as with many bladder disorders, are multifactorial and are not completely understood. The primary functions of the lower urinary tract (bladder and bladder outlet mechanism) are storage and evacuation of urine. The bladder and the micturition cycle are under complex neural control involving both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Micturition may occur in response to the activation of receptors in the bladder muscle and detection of chemical stimuli by receptors within the bladder lining. Neurogenic or myogenic bladder dysfunction can lead to the symptoms of urgency, frequency, and UUI that characterize OAB. The consequences of this condition are far-reaching and include direct medical consequences and coping strategies that adversely affect quality of life. Although the prevalence of OAB increases with age, it is not a normal consequence of aging. Antimuscarinic agents (e.g., oxybutynin, tolterodine, trospium, solifenacin, and darifenacin) have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of OAB symptoms in multiple clinical trials. This review explores the physiological basis for OAB, the effects of OAB on health-related quality of life, and the pharmacotherapies that may provide relief to patients with this distressing condition.

Association between polymorphism of β3-adrenoceptor gene and overactive bladder: a meta-analysis

“…Although the pathophysiology of OAB is not fully understood, either neurogenic or myogenic dysfunction can produce OAB symptoms (Miller and Hoffman, 2006). Recent studies showed that activation of β3-AR caused relaxation of the detrusor muscle during bladder filling.…”

The Concept and Pathophysiology of Urinary Incontinence

“…As soon as the woman feels wetting herself due to escape of urine, being embarrassed, reactive sympathetic activity reflex, will increase the sympathetic tone at the IUS to confirm its closure and preventing further leak of urine. This may explain the strong indications that there is a causal relationship between OAB and POP (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Thus by understanding this new concept, we can explain most of the voiding troubles.…”

Glutamatergic Mechanisms Involved in Bladder Overactivity and Pudendal Neuromodulation in Cats

“…The pathophysiology and etiology of OAB currently remain unknown (Miller and Hoffman, 2006;Wein and Rackley, 2006). About 33 million adults suffer from OAB in the United States (Coyne et al, 2011).…”