The Causes of Natural Durability in Timber - Part XI. Some Tests on the Fungi Toxicity of Wood Extractives and Related Compounds

Rudman, P.

doi:10.1515/hfsg.1963.17.2.54

Cited by 49 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Free hydroxyl groups are essential if phenolic compounds act as uncoupling agents that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, the main source of energy in decay fungi (Hart 1989). Based on the poor fungicidal activities found in extractives of highly durable heartwood (Rudman 1963;Schutz et al 1995) and the fact that brown-rot fungi are believed to use some type of free radicals in order to initially disrupt cell walls (Backa et al 1993), a dual defence function of the extractives was proposed: extractives possess fungicidal activity as well as being excellent free radical scavengers (antioxidants) (Schutz and Nicholas 2000). Recently, a significant relationship between decay resistance and the total amount of phenolics was also shown for pine (Harju et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The significance of heartwood extractives for natural durability was demonstrated as early as 1924 (Hawley et al 1924), and has been repeatedly discussed ever since (e.g. Rudman 1963;Schutz et al 1990Schutz et al , 1995DeBell et al 1997;ReyesChilpa et al 1998;Celimene et al 1999). In addition, wood structure, lignin quantity and lignin type may contribute to the susceptibility of heartwood to attack and spoilage by different bio-deteriogens (Vance et al 1980;Eaton and Hale 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Heartwood extractives and lignin content of different larch species ( Larix sp.) and relationships to brown-rot decay-resistance

Gierlinger

Jacques²,

Schwanninger

et al. 2004

Trees - Structure and Function

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The extractive content of lignin and the brownrot decay-resistance against Coniophora puteana and Poria placenta were studied in larch heartwood from different species and origin (Larix decidua var. decidua, L. decidua var. sudetica, L. kaempferi , L. eurolepis). The study material consisted of 106 trees from a 39-year old provenance trial in France. The hot-water-soluble extractives were very variable (from5.66% to 20.50% of dry weight), but there was no significant variation between the investigated species and origins. In contrast, acetone extractives, the total amount of phenolics and lignin showed significant differences. The concentration of phenolics and lignin was significantly higher in L. kaempferi and in L. eurolepis than in L. decidua. The total phenolics content was strongly correlated with decay-resistance in all investigated larch origins. A higher concentration of phenolics goes hand in hand with higher decay resistance and phenolics might therefore be a promising parameter to rapidly evaluate the level of decay-resistance in larch.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Heartwood extractives and lignin content of different larch species ( Larix sp.) and relationships to brown-rot decay-resistance

Gierlinger

Jacques²,

Schwanninger

et al. 2004

Trees - Structure and Function

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“…In the same way, many authors have underlined the direct relationship between durability and extractives [1,9,19,25,33,44,45]. They have shown that extractives play a key role in the biological resistance of many species [26,36,46,52].…”

Section: Relation Between Colour and Durabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Decay resistance inDicorynia guianensisAmsh.: analysis of inter-tree and intra-tree variability and relations with wood colour

et al. 2004

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-Dicorynia guianensis Amsh. is very widespread in the forests of French Guiana and moreover is the leading species harvested in this area, but its main defect remains the great variability of wood durability, especially with respect to fungal decay. The aim of this work was to study this inter-and intra-tree variability in order to identify the parameters responsible for this variation (growth area, height and radial position) within the tree. The resistance decrease from the outer heartwood to the pith. Measurement of colour variation using the CIELAB (L*, a*, b*, C*, h*) system was performed at the intra-tree level to highlight the longitudinal and radial gradients of variation. Dicorynia guianensis becomes less red and dark from the outer to the inner heartwood and from the base to the top. Lastly, variations of colour and durability were correlated: the wood is less resistant the redder and darker it is.Dicorynia guianensis / Amazonian wood / wood colour/decay resistance / heartwood / variability Résumé -Variabilité de la durabilité inter-arbre et intra-arbre de Dicorynia guianensis -et relation avec la couleur. Dicorynia Guianensis Amsh. est une essence très répandue dans les forêts de Guyane française. C'est l'une des essences les plus exploitées cependant elle souffre d'un défaut majeur : une grande variabilité de sa durabilité naturelle à l'égard des champignons lignivores (Ascomycètes, Basidiomycètes). À travers l'étude de la variabilité inter-arbre et intra-arbre nous avons discuté de l'influence de paramètres tels : la localité, la taille de l'arbre, la hauteur et la position radiale sur la résistance naturelle. Dans une deuxième partie nous avons étudié l'influence de ces mêmes paramètres sur la mesure de la couleur (système CIELAB) du bois à l'échelle intra-arbre. Nous avons ainsi constaté que le paramètre « position radiale » était de loin le plus important à l'origine de la variabilité : Dicorynia guianensis est plus résistant du duramen interne vers le duramen externe ; moins rouge et moins sombre du duramen externe vers le duramen interne. Enfin, nous avons constaté que les variations de couleur et de durabilité chez Dicorynia guianensis étaient corrélées : le bois est d'autant plus résistant qu'il est moins rouge et plus clair sombre. bois amazonien / couleur du bois / résistance à la pourriture / duramen / variabilité

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“…The significance of heartwood extractives for natural durability was demonstrated by Hawley et al (1924), and has been repeatedly discussed in the literature (e.g. Rudman 1963;Celimene et al 1999;DeBell et al 1997;Schultz et al 1990Schultz et al , 1995. Toxic extractive compounds are recognized to be the most important factor (Hillis 1987) and in some durable species even lowtoxic extractives may contribute synergistically to high durability (Schultz and Nicholas 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Colour of larch heartwood and relationships to extractives and brown-rot decay resistance

Gierlinger

Jacques²,

Grabner

et al. 2004

Trees - Structure and Function

146

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Larch heartwood is appreciated for its good mechanical properties, its colour and its texture, and it is often used outdoors because of its natural durability (decay resistance). In this study the colour of larch heartwood was studied in relation to extractives and decay resistance, with the aim to estimate durability of larch heartwood from its colour. On a total of 293 trees colour in the CIE L*a*b* space (L* lightness, a* red/green axis, b* yellow/blue axis), extractives content (acetone and hot-water extractives, amount of phenolics) and the brown-rot decay resistance were determined. For calculating the relative decay resistance (x), mass loss after inoculation for 16 weeks with two fungi [Coniophora puteana (Schum.ex.Fr.) Karst., Poria placenta (Fr.) Cke, European standard EN 113] of larch heartwood samples was compared to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) sapwood reference samples (EN 350-1). Different species [Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Lamb.), Hybrid larch (Larix deciduax L. kaempferi) and European larch (L. decidua Mill.)], provenances and age classes (38-year, >150-year) were included. Japanese larch heartwood turned out to be significantly more reddish (higher a*-values) compared to the European larch provenances. Reddishness of the hybrids was intermediate. The red hue (+a*) was strongly correlated with the amount of phenols (r=0.84) and decay resistance (r=0.63) and therefore suitable for prediction of both parameters. The results suggest that colour measurements of larch heartwood could be of benefit in tree breeding programs and for an optimised utilization of larch timber.

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The Causes of Natural Durability in Timber - Part XI. Some Tests on the Fungi Toxicity of Wood Extractives and Related Compounds

Cited by 49 publications

References 6 publications

Heartwood extractives and lignin content of different larch species ( Larix sp.) and relationships to brown-rot decay-resistance

Heartwood extractives and lignin content of different larch species ( Larix sp.) and relationships to brown-rot decay-resistance

Decay resistance inDicorynia guianensisAmsh.: analysis of inter-tree and intra-tree variability and relations with wood colour

Colour of larch heartwood and relationships to extractives and brown-rot decay resistance

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