The CCII+ and the ICCII as basic building blocks in low‐pass filter realizations

Abstract

SUMMARYThree new grounded capacitor current mode low-pass filters using two inverting second-generation current conveyor (ICCII) or one double output ICCII are given. The circuits employ the minimum number of passive circuit components, namely two resistors and two capacitors. The circuits are generated from three new voltage mode low-pass filters realized with the ICCII. A new grounded capacitor CCII+ current mode low-pass filter is generated from one of the new voltage mode low-pass filters employing two ICCII−. A new grounded passive component low-pass filter with independent control on Q and using three ICCII+ is also introduced. Spice simulation results based on using the 0.5 m CMOS model are included to support the theoretical analysis.

Z Copy‐Controlled Gain‐Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier and its applications

“…Over the last decade, we have witnessed extensive research into modern active electronic elements and their utilization in various application circuits for analog signal processing 1–70. Voltage‐feedback and current‐feedback operational amplifiers 1–3, Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTAs) 4–8, several types of current or voltage conveyors 9–21, and others 22–31 belong to frequently used building blocks. In recent years, the circuit elements containing the so‐called Current Differencing Unit (CDU) havealso played an important role, specifically Operational Transresistance Amplifier (OTRA) 32–36, Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (CDTA) 37–52, and Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CDBA) 53–64.…”

Realization of a general all‐pole current transfer function by using CBTA

“…Ratio of the first line coefficient Because all the ratios of the entries in the first column of Routh's table are of the same sign (positive in this case) if and only if the tested polynomial is (strictly) Hurwithz [24,26], the table when constructed for any current transfer function of the form 1/Q n (s) with an arbitrary stable denominator polynomial yields straightforward all the capacitance values. Hence, Equations [16][17][18][19][20][21], naturally similar equations for filters of order higher than 6, are not necessary if Routh's table is constructed as shown in Table II.…”

“…To realize nth-order filter functions, designers use different approaches in practice. The first is to cascade second-order stages without feedback (cascade filter) [18][19][20][21] or through the application of negative feedback (multiple-loop feedback filters). However, to realize nth-order filters, the numbers of the active and passive elements increase almost proportionally with n. Further, these realizations do not usually supply the flexible realization of the numerator polynomial of the transfer function [7][8][9].…”