The challenge of developmental therapeutics for adrenocortical carcinoma

Abstract

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease with an estimated incidence of only 0.7 new cases per million per year. Approximately 30-70% of the patients present with advanced disease with very poor prognosis and without effective therapeutic options. In the recent years, unprecedented progresses in cancer biology and genomics have fostered the development of numerous targeted therapies for various malignancies. Immunotherapy has also transformed the treatment landscape of malignancies such as melanoma, among others. However, these advances have not brought meaningful benefits for patients with ACC. Extensive genomic analyses of ACC have revealed numerous signal transduction pathway aberrations (e.g., insulin growth factor receptor and Wnt/β-catenin pathways) that play a central role in pathophysiology. These molecular alterations have been explored as potential therapeutic targets for drug development. This manuscript summarizes recent discoveries in ACC biology, reviews the results of early clinical studies with targeted therapies, and provides the rationale for emerging treatment strategies such as immunotherapy.

Study on the In-vitro Culture Method for Normal Embryonic Cell Development of Porcine Parthenogenetic Embryos

“…As a problem with the development of parthenogenetic embryos, research reports have shown that in the early embryonic development, the process of cell metabolism and apoptosis in the cytoplasm decay and nucleic acid differentiation is increased, thereby inhibiting the development of cells (Zhao et al, 2009;Diao et al, 2013aDiao et al, , 2013bCosta et al, 2016). Especially, the cause of this action can be seen as the main factor in vitro culture.…”

“…lems in the remodeling of the nuclear membrane during nuclear fission, which appears as a nuclear decay or increases the programmed cell death (Hajjari and Jahani, 2014;Costa et al, 2016;Park et al, 2016). The process of apoptosis is very important in embryonic development.…”

Ghrelin as a potential molecular marker of adrenal carcinogenesis: In vivo and in vitro evidence

“…Many studies have reported different expression levels of IGF1 and IGF2 in ACC compared to adrenocortical adenomas (ACA) . IGF2 expression is low or absent in the beginning of oncogenesis, which may suggest that other signalling pathways may also play a role in ACC tumorigenesis …”

Evaluation of a large adrenal carcinoma with 3D reconstruction of computed tomography images: A case report and literature review

“…In malignant tumors of adrenal glands, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an exceedingly rare disease caused by a cancerous growth within the cortex. ACC has the estimated incidence of 0.7 cases per million per year in the United States and lead to 0.2% of all cancer deaths [4,5]. ACC may occur in adults or children with a female to male ratio of 1.5 -2.5:1 [5,6].…”

“…ACC has the estimated incidence of 0.7 cases per million per year in the United States and lead to 0.2% of all cancer deaths [4,5]. ACC may occur in adults or children with a female to male ratio of 1.5 -2.5:1 [5,6]. Many ACCs are asympomatic and nonfunctional as adrenal incidentalomas.…”