The challenge of the food sufficiency through salt tolerant crops

Roles of osmoprotectants in improving salinity and drought tolerance in plants: a review

“…In natural phenomenon, weathering of parental rocks releases various kinds of salts particularly chlorides of sodium, calcium and magnesium and in the least amount of sulphate and carbonate are also released in the environment (Szabolcs 1989;Le and McQueen-Mason 2006;Galvani 2007;Munns and Tester 2008). The industrial discharge of drainage water used in manufacturing of dyes, paints and pigments, and leaching effect caused by improper sanitary landfills carried a huge amount of salt, which exerts pressure on hydrosphere (Zayed and Terry 2003;Rubio et al 2010).…”

“…Salinity is the foremost environmental abiotic stress factor causing stagnant plant growth and productivity (Galvani 2007;Chen et al 2010;Ranganayakulu et al 2013;Shahbaz et al 2013). The injurious effects of excessive salinity on plants can be observed at both biochemical and cellular levels but most of observations have been focused on growth as the response to the toxicant.…”

“…To date, it has been estimated that approximately half of the land dedicated to agricultural field is severely affected by salinity (Galvani 2007) or under risk of salinity due to the unmanaged irrigation handling. Salinity affects almost every aspect of physiology and biochemistry of plants and thus, significantly reduces crop yield and productivity.…”

“…salinity and drought, that arrest agricultural production throughout the world (Le and McQueen-Mason 2006;Galvani 2007;Gosal et al 2009;Wani et al 2010;Wani and Gosal 2011;Yu et al 2013;Wani et al 2013;Yadav et al 2014). In response to salinity and drought stresses, plants adopt various strategies including modification in different physiological as well as biochemical processes such as signal perceptions and transduction cascades for survival against these stresses (Faical et al 2009;Ranganayakulu et al 2013).…”

“…In response to salinity and drought stresses, plants adopt various strategies including modification in different physiological as well as biochemical processes such as signal perceptions and transduction cascades for survival against these stresses (Faical et al 2009;Ranganayakulu et al 2013). Studies showed that osmotic regulations in plants during salinity and drought stresses have occurred through higher accumulation of osmotically active compounds or osmoprotectants (Pilon-Smits et al 1999;Chen et al 2000;Sawahel 2004; Le and McQueen-Mason 2006;Galvani 2007;Parida et al 2008;Hossain and Fujita 2010;Li et al 2011;Ranganayakulu et al 2013;Shahbaz et al 2013;Talat et al 2013;Filippou et al 2014). Osmoprotectants or compatible solutes are small molecules having low molecular weight, electrically neutral, highly soluble and non-toxic at molar concentrations (Ahn et al 2011).…”