The challenges for solid waste management in accordance with Agenda 21: A Brazilian case review

Abstract

This paper aims to evaluate the suitability of the Brazilian solid waste policy (BSWP) with global Agenda 21 and the challenges of implementing the BSWP in municipalities. For this, a review of the principles that guided the creation of this policy was performed to demonstrate that international pressures were important in determining its effectiveness. The contradictory relationship between the satisfactory legal framework that established the Brazilian waste management policy and its weakened implementation in the municipalities is also examined . To illustrate the difficulties faced at the local level, a case study involving municipalities that compose the state of Espírito Santowe was undertaken. In this state, the municipalities signed terms of environmental commitment with supervisory agencies who undertook, within a pre-established schedule, to implement a set of actions to shape the proper management of solid waste, adapted to the requirements of national policy and the guidelines of Agenda 21. Finally, the various difficulties in meeting the requirements are discussed. It is necessary and urgent that Brazil finds a way to coordinate the mechanisms of an innovative and well formulated legal instrument to ensure the successful implementation of solid waste management at the local level to achieve the environmental, economic and social objectives

Challenges of selective collection of the household waste: A case study in a Brazilian metropolis

“…Several studies have shown the population's difficulties in correctly segregating waste at the generating source and the bad consequences of this poor separation for selective collection (Guerrero et al, 2014;Troschinetz and Mihelcic, 2009;Campos, 2014). The 'deviations' of recyclable materials from the formal system by informal scavengers were reported by Marshall and Farahbakhsh (2013), Chaves et al (2014) and Jabbour et al (2014). Troschinetz and Mihelcic (2009) and Guerrero et al (2013) also reported the difficulties faced by waste collector cooperatives, such as the lack of adequate training.…”

“…In Brazil, the quality of waste management is poor – due to several aspects such as frequent unpreparedness of the personnel in charge of the matter in public agencies, failures in the collection and establishment of fees by the government, problems in the collection and in the transport, large-scale presence of informal waste collectors, frequent irregular disposal of waste, inadequate collection coverage and periodicity and low recycling rates (Chaves et al, 2014; Jabbour et al, 2014; Marshall and Farahbakhsh, 2013).…”

Alinhamento de legislações de estados e municípios brasileiros com a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos

“…Em 1992, surgiu a Agenda 21, que orientou, em termos mundiais, os governos a planejarem e executarem ações que promovessem o desenvolvimento sustentável. Nesse documento, o tema resíduos sólidos esteve presente, por meio da redução na fonte, o reaproveitamento de produto, a recuperação de materiais, a reciclagem, o tratamento e a disposição final ambientalmente segura (Chaves et al, 2014).…”

“…Além disso, em seu conteúdo, a PNRS determinou que a cessação dos lixões e adoção de aterros sanitários teria o prazo de quatro anos após a data de publicação da lei, além de que os estados e municípios teriam de apresentar os planos integrados definidos na PNRS até o ano de 2012, o que não aconteceu (Gomes et al,, 2014). Importante enfatizar que a PNRS dá autonomia aos estados e Municípios para formularem suas próprias políticas (Chaves et al, 2014).…”

Planejamento e implantação de um programa de coleta seletiva: utilização de um sistema de informação geográfica na elaboração das rotas

“…A PNRS reúne os princípios, objetivos, metas e instrumentos relativos à gestão de resíduos sólidos (Baptista, 2014). Segundo Chaves et al (2014), uma das questões mais importantes para se alcançar os objetivos da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos é a implantação de programas de coleta seletiva nos municípios brasileiros, onde deve--se atentar a três questões: 1) Quem será o agente executor da coleta seletiva? Existem três opções: prefeitura, empresa particular ou cooperativa/associação de catadores de materiais recicláveis;…”