The Changing Criterion Design

Hartmann, Donald P.; Hall, R. Vance

doi:10.1901/jaba.1976.9-527

Cited by 210 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Although such a tool could help to ease application of the technique, the method is sufficiently complicated that if prompting and contingent reinforcement are adequate in establishing the response and consistency in technique across therapists is not of interest, a percentile schedule of reinforcement would not be recommended. Other control techniques, such as a changing criterion design (Hartmann & Hall, 1976), may be more suitable for use with shaping in such circumstances. The percentile method, however, offers sufficient benefits under certain conditions that its consideration as a therapeutic intervention and further research into the generality of its application are warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shaping Academic Task Engagement With Percentile Schedules

Athens

Vollmer

Pipkin

2007

J of App Behav Analysis

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The purpose of this study was to examine the use of percentile schedules as a method of quantifying the shaping procedure in an educational setting. We compared duration of task engagement during baseline measurements for 4 students to duration of task engagement during a percentile schedule. As a secondary purpose, we examined the influence on shaping of manipulations of the number of observations used to determine the criterion for reinforcement (the m parameter of the percentile formula). Results showed that the percentile formula was most effective when a relatively large m value (20 observations) was used.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shaping Academic Task Engagement With Percentile Schedules

Athens

Vollmer

Pipkin

2007

J of App Behav Analysis

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“…Studies containing a CCD were identified through a search of PsycINFO, ERIC, and PubMed databases using the key word changing criterion as well as articles referencing Hartmann and Hall (1976). The introduction and discussion section of each article was examined to locate other studies utilizing a CCD.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few subsequent studies utilized this design (i.e., Brown et al 1974;Wallace and Davis 1974) prior to the seminal article by Hartmann and Hall (1976), which described the CCD in more detail and noted its similarity to a procedural description by Sidman (1960, pp. 254-256) in reference to the evaluation of irreversible behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Implementation of the mini-reversal strategy in a clinical intervention to decrease separation anxiety in a child by Flood and Wilder (2004) showed a nearly perfect matching of clinical utility and experimental rigor within a rather subtle intervention utilizing the CCD. As with all single-case designs, data should guide alterations; however, variation in phase length and magnitude with more criterions rather than fewer should be attempted whenever possible to increase internal validity (Hartmann and Hall 1976). This sometimes puts clinical utility (which targets gradual change) and experimental rigor (which emphasizes robust and discrete changes in behavior) at odds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Best Practices in Utilizing the Changing Criterion Design

Klein

Houlihan

Vincent

et al. 2015

Behav Analysis Practice

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The changing criterion design (CCD) has been a recognized format of single-case research for four decades. Published examples of the CCD have been limited and the structure of the design used in the literature has varied to a degree that might engender confusion. This review examines the structure of CCD studies published to date to identify prior implementation practices and identify best practices for future use.Keywords Single-case . Changing criterion design . Best practicesThe changing criterion design (CCD) utilizes step-wise benchmarks for manipulating a dimension (i.e., accuracy, frequency, duration, latency, or magnitude) of a single behavior already present in an individual's repertoire (Cooper et al. 2007). The design has been used with behaviors where an immediate, considerable increase or decrease may be difficult to achieve or undesired; therefore, gradual shifts toward a desired goal are applied.The CCD was first described in two books published in 1971: one a short description in a book by Hall, and the other a brief study reported by Weis and Hall which used the design to reduce daily cigarette smoking by a college student. A few subsequent studies utilized this design (i.e., Brown et al. 1974;Wallace and Davis 1974) prior to the seminal article by Hartmann and Hall (1976), which described the CCD in more detail and noted its similarity to a procedural description by Sidman (1960, pp. 254-256) in reference to the evaluation of irreversible behavior. Hartmann and Hall saw the CCD as a type of multiple baseline design that could be used with a shaping procedure. In response to the CCD as a multiple baseline design, Cooper et al. (2007) point out that the behavior being evaluated in a CCD is intentionally interdependent (unlike a multiple baseline design) which can lead to an exaggerated perception of experimental control. Conceptualizing this as an extension of the multiple baseline design adds confusion. Consequently, the CCD is best suited for the acceleration and deceleration of a behavior, but is versatile in the behaviors and populations it can be applied to. Despite this, the CCD has only rarely been mentioned as a research or intervention tool since Hartmann and Hall's article.Though not as experimentally robust as other designs (e.g., the multiple baseline design, which demonstrates experimental control through staggered, independent baselines), the CCD does achieve acceptable control through baseline logic and appropriate manipulation of design structure (see Table 1 for a simplified presentation of baseline logic of the CCD). With the CCD, a baseline serves as a measurement between the absence and presence of the independent variable, as do each criterion and its subsequent criterion. Therefore, when stable responding occurs at each step, (1) predictions about future responding can be made with each criterion, and (2) replications of intervention effect are observed repeatedly. Verification can be accomplished by varying the phase length or by reverting briefly to a previous cr...

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“…The changing criterion design is also relevant to optimizing interventions [34]. In a changing criterion design, a baseline is conducted until stability is attained.…”

Section: Changing Criterion Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing behavioral health interventions with single-case designs: from development to dissemination

Dallery

Raiff

2014

Behav. Med. Pract. Policy Res.

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Over the past 70 years, single-case design (SCD) research has evolved to include a broad array of methodological and analytic advances. In this article, we describe some of these advances and discuss how SCDs can be used to optimize behavioral health interventions. Specifically, we discuss how parametric analysis, component analysis, and systematic replications can be used to optimize interventions. We also describe how SCDs can address other features of optimization, which include establishing generality and enabling personalized behavioral medicine. Throughout, we highlight how SCDs can be used during both the development and dissemination stages of behavioral health interventions.

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The Changing Criterion Design

Cited by 210 publications

References 11 publications

Shaping Academic Task Engagement With Percentile Schedules

Shaping Academic Task Engagement With Percentile Schedules

Best Practices in Utilizing the Changing Criterion Design

Optimizing behavioral health interventions with single-case designs: from development to dissemination

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