The characterisation of lead fatty acid soaps in ‘protrusions’ in aged traditional oil paint

Plater, M. John; Silva, Ben De; Gelbrich, Thomas; Hursthouse, Michael B.; Higgitt, Catherine; Saunders, David

doi:10.1016/s0277-5387(03)00461-3

Cited by 112 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This omission needs to be addressed as it is relevant to areas as diverse as corrosion inhibition [32][33][34], and art conservation [36,37]. In addition, information on the phase separation mechanism and structures of the solutions will be important in the development of models of such systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have become particularly interested in the interaction of lead(II) with alkanoates. This is relevant to corrosion inhibition [32][33][34], but also plays an important role in areas as diverse as studies on the lipid organization in human hair [35], and art conservation, where lead carboxylates have been shown to slowly form through the reaction between lead pigments and drying oils in historic paintings and other art works [36,37]. In addition, long chain lead carboxylates show a rich, and chain length dependent thermotropic phase behavior [38][39][40][41][42], and an understanding of the driving forces for the precipitation of these systems from solution is likely to be important for interpreting phase stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The interaction of long chain sodium carboxylates and sodium dodecylsulfate with lead(II) ions in aqueous solutions

Pereira¹,

Valente²

2014

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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The interaction of sodium octanoate, decanoate or dodecanoate with lead(II) has been studied in aqueous solutions using potentiometry, electrical conductivity, turbidity and ICP-OES measurements. These show an alkyl chain length dependence on the behaviour. At the lead(II) concentration used (1.0 mM), relatively strong interactions are observed with the decanoate and dodecanaote, leading to formation of the lead carboxylates (soaps) as insoluble complexes. Association constants of the complexes have been determined from potentiometric measurements and are consistent with data on solubility products. A comparison is made of the effect of surfactant head group on the interactions with lead(II) using two surfactants with the same chain length: dodecanoate and dodecylsulfate. Differences in their interactions with this metal ion in aqueous solutions are interpreted in terms of greater covalency of the bond between the metal and the carboxylate than with the sulfate group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interaction of long chain sodium carboxylates and sodium dodecylsulfate with lead(II) ions in aqueous solutions

Pereira¹,

Valente²

2014

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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“…In oil, lead compounds were not only used as pigments, but as siccatives as well [219,220]. Moreover, lead soaps are formed in, or on the surface of, oil paint layers containing lead based pigments (leadwhite, lead tin yellow type I, litharge, red lead) and are investigated as they affect the appearance of paintings [54,55,107,145,[219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228]. Lead oxalates were observed on leadwhite treated with oxalic acid [32], and on real samples containing red lead and lead tin yellow [56].…”

Section: Lead (Z = 82)mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the stability of mediaeval inorganic pigments: a literature review of the effect of climate, material selection, biological activity, analysis and conservation treatments

2017

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This review is to be considered part of the development of the MEMORI dosimeter, to evaluate the impact of climate (relative humidity, temperature, illumination, etc., including volatile organic compounds) on moveable objects. In the framework of the MEMORI project, Ghent University was given the task to assess pigment degradation upon acetic acid exposure, and to collect information on pigments' stability. Moreover, to obtain a wider knowledge on the stability of common pigments, the effect of a variety of parameters was reviewed from literature. Discolouration and degradation of pigments significantly alter the legibility of polychrome works of art, so that the development of monitoring methods to ensure the preservation of cultural heritage objects is of primary importance.

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“…It is known, however, that both fatty acids occur simultaneously in metal soap aggregates in paint samples. 4 Therefore, a series of zinc soaps containing a mixture of palmitate and stearate in varying ratios was prepared (ZnC 16 C 18 ). A single set of long spacing peaks in XRD analysis indicated that zinc palmitate and zinc stearate form a solid solution at all palmitate/stearate ratios (ESI: Fig.…”

Section: Zinc Soaps Of Varying Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was found that a different type of zinc soaps can form in linseed oil when a source of sodium or potassium is present such as NaOH or KCl. The synthesis and structure of these alternative soap complexes (ZnNa 2 (C 16 ) 4 and ZnK 2 (C 16 ) 4 ) is described in detail in Fig. 3 Averaged m-ATR-FTIR spectra measured at the two areas in the cross-section of a zinc white paint layer of The Woodcutter (after Millet) by Vincent van Gogh, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Zinc Soaps Of Varying Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An infrared spectroscopic study of the nature of zinc carboxylates in oil paintings

Hermans

Keune

Loon

et al. 2015

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

126

141

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An infrared spectroscopic study of the nature of zinc carboxylates in oil paintingsHermans, J.J.; Keune, K.; van Loon, A.; Iedema, P.D. Published in:Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry DOI:10.1039/c5ja00120jLink to publication Citation for published version (APA):Hermans, J. J., Keune, K., van Loon, A., & Iedema, P. D. (2015). An infrared spectroscopic study of the nature of zinc carboxylates in oil paintings. Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry, 30(7), 1600-1608. DOI: 10.1039/c5ja00120j General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date: 12 May 2018An infrared spectroscopic study of the nature of zinc carboxylates in oil paintings † Joen J. Hermans, * Katrien Keune, Annelies van Loon and Piet D. IedemaThe formation of metal soaps is a major problem for oil paintings conservators. The complexes of either lead or zinc and fatty acids are the product of reactions between common pigments and the oil binder, and they are associated with many types of degradation that affect the appearance and stability of oil paint layers.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveals that a paint sample from The Woodcutter (after Millet) by Vincent van Gogh contains two distinct zinc carboxylate species, one similar to crystalline zinc palmitate and one that is characterized by a broadened asymmetric stretch COO À band shifted to 1570-1590 cm À1 . This observation has been made in many paintings. Although several hypotheses exist to explain the shifted broad carboxylate band, these were not supported by experimental evidence. In this paper, experiments were carried out to characterize the second zinc carboxylate type. It is shown that neither variations in the composition of zinc soaps (i.e. zinc soaps containing mixtures of fatty acids or metals) nor fatty acids adsorbed on pigment surfaces are responsible for the second zinc carboxylate species. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR analysis indicate that the broad COO À band represents amorphous zinc carboxylates. These species can be interpreted as either non-crystalline zinc soaps or zinc ions bound to carboxylate moieties on the polymerized oil network, a system similar to ionomers.These findings uncover an intermediate stage of metal soap-related degradation of oil paintings, and lead the way to impr...

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The characterisation of lead fatty acid soaps in ‘protrusions’ in aged traditional oil paint

Cited by 112 publications

References 19 publications

The interaction of long chain sodium carboxylates and sodium dodecylsulfate with lead(II) ions in aqueous solutions

The interaction of long chain sodium carboxylates and sodium dodecylsulfate with lead(II) ions in aqueous solutions

On the stability of mediaeval inorganic pigments: a literature review of the effect of climate, material selection, biological activity, analysis and conservation treatments

An infrared spectroscopic study of the nature of zinc carboxylates in oil paintings

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